1. Some tips for success! Come to class!!!
Prepare for and be engaged in class (find your daily bio hour!)
Study often (daily bio hour!)
Master the vocabulary (daily bio hour!)
Practice active learning
Always ask: how? why?
Try to find exceptions
Make it relevant to your own life
Put topics together into the big picture
Make connections to build knowledge

2. BIOLOGY is the study of life

3. Living things… are complex & organized respond to stimuli
Maintain homeostasis
process energy
grow & reproduce
have deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
have the capacity to change over time

4. A question from your final exam:
Why do some animals engage in filial cannibalism?
What do we know?
How do we know?
Why do we think so?
What is the evidence?

5. What is Science?

6. We do science every day That’s kind of weird.
I wonder why that happens.
How can I figure out what’s going on?
I wonder what will happen if I do this.
Does it do this every time?

7. We do science every day How can lose weight?
Is this prescription right for me?
How can I manage my illness?
Should I buy a hummer or a hybrid?
Should I recycle these cans?
What should I plant in my garden?
Is this the right pet for me?

8. Scientific Thought Opinion Hypothesis These frogs are cute
These frogs are engaged in competition for a place to live

9. Finding out Observation Questions Systematic process Evidence
Tanning sharks

10. Finding out Observation Questions Systematic process Evidence
Not the right answer, but the search for the best supported answer
Tanning sharks 10

11. Observation Conclusion Experiment or Prediction Hypothesis Question
Two frogs are observed together
Why are these frogs hanging out together?
The frogs are together because they both want the territory.
Figure 1-4b The scientific method
(b) An example from everyday life.
IF the hypothesis is correct and the frogs are competing for territory, THEN they will fight and/or one will leave.
Observe the frogs to see if they fight
The territoriality hypothesis is supported.
Figure 1-4b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

12. Observation Conclusion Experiment or Prediction Hypothesis Question
Sometimes mother prairie dogs eat their own young
Why do prairie dogs engage in filial cannibalism?
What hypothesis would you make about filial cannibalism?
Figure 1-4b The scientific method
(b) An example from everyday life.
Figure 1-4b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

13. A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for observed phenomenon
A hypothesis is a tentative explanation for observed phenomenon. (Not just a summary of observations)
Must be testable
Must be falsifiable
Must be detailed enough for specific predictions to be made.
Generally based on observations
Avoid terms such as “good” or “best” because they are vague
“Ghosts did it”
“Frogs like water”

14. When a hypothesis has evidence to back it up it is
SUPPORTED never, proven.

15. When enough evidence (like, a lot of evidence) supports a theory, it becomes upgraded to a
Theory! Yay!
This involves
repeated testing under a variety of conditions
exploration of alternate explanations
Evaluation and acceptance of many scientists within the scientific community

16. THEORIES
Best explanation BASED ON EVIDENCE
Cannot be “proven”

17. Here’s some terrible advice..

18. Make a Hypothesis: Is a daphnia a living thing?
To make your hypothesis, write down what you think life is
Discuss it with a small group
What do you agree about?
What are your differences?
What are you unsure of?
Edit your definition (if you want)
Examine your daphnia to determine if it meets the criteria you established

19. Hypotheses that determine a cause-effect relationship…
All of the variables and outcomes in the hypothesis should be worded in a precise way.
Independent Variable: the presumed “cause”.
It is purposefully altered in an experiment.
Dependent Variable: the presumed “effect”.
It is measured in an experiment

20. Controlled Experiments
Control group- the group that is unaltered in an experiment.
Used to make sure that no other variables are affected in the experiment
Controlled variables- other variables that need to remain constant in an experiment.
Temperature, light, pH, salinity, etc.
If you are testing the effect of how various concentrations of vinegar affect the hachability of brine shrimp, the control group would not have any vinegar. Other controlled variables would include water source, temperature, pH, salinity, light, time, etc.

21. Hypotheses: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Working with your table partner, read each hypotheses on your worksheet.
Discuss and evaluate 1-2 based on the criteria of a good hypothesis.
If you do not consider it “good”, rewrite it. If it is so bad that you cannot rewrite it, it is in the ugly category.

22. The Theory of Evolution is Biology’s central organizing principle
Change over time
Large body of evidence
Informs modern problems

23. There are still questions to be answered!
Viruses

24. Systematics Developing, evaluating classification systems
Building phylogenies that represent evolutionary relationships
Naming species

25. Carolus Linnaeus ( )
Laid the groundwork for the modern classification system
Placed organisms into hierarchical categories based on their resemblance to other organisms
Introduced the scientific name composed of genus and species

26. We know that science is based on evidence, so… what evidence can we use to classify organisms?
Whale shark
Whale
vs.