1. Displaying Query Results
Group 8- Last but not the Least
Arturo Cantillep/Greg Lynch/Nora Troy-Shaw/Yanxin Zhao

2. Displaying Query Results
.1 Introduction
Presenting Data/What the Boss Wants
.2 Its Power
Ordering Data/Producing an Ordered Report
Enhancing Query Output
Usage (Business Scenario)
.3 Summarizing Data/Summary Functions
.4 Count Functions
.5 Data Grouping
Groups and Subgroups
.6 using the where clause
.7 using the having clause
.8 Using the find function
.9 using boolean expression
.10 Summary

3. .1 Introduction SQL – a one stop shop alternative for the following:
Displaying Query Results
0.1 Introduction 0-3
0.2 A Section Title 0-4
<Type title of demo here.> 0-5
Exercises 0-6
0.3 Chapter Summary 0-7
0.4 Solutions 0-8
Solutions to Exercises 0-8
Solutions to Student Activities (Polls/Quizzes) 0-8
Presenting Data
.1 Introduction
SQL – a one stop shop alternative for the following:
Data Step – it can create new table,new variables within a table , add insert data
Proc Report – do summary, count,mean,
in a nice format too…
Proc Print – present the result to the user

4. .1 Presenting Data Objectives Business Scenario
Display a query’s result in a specified order
Use SAS formats, labels, and titles to enhance the appearance and useability of a query’s output
Business Scenario
( a very realistic one)
You had been instructed by by your boss to cut company costs by producing a list of old, highly paid sales staff and who had served the longest in the company

5. .1 What the Boss Wants Sample Report
Data on the service years of the employees ranked (descending)
Data on the Salary (descending) of each employee
Data on the age of each employee
(descending)
Sample Report
Mr. X 25 yrs.  service yrs $50,000  salary
40yrs.old  age of employee….

6. .2 Ordering Data
Use the ORDER BY clause to sort query results in a specific order
Descending order (by following the column name with the DESC keyword)
Order the query results by specifying the following:
Any column name from any table in the from clause, even if the column is not on the select list
A column name or number representing the position of an item in the select list
an expression
a combination of any of the above individual items separated by commas

7. .2 Ordering Data (Our Boss wish list…)
From the Sales staff database, list the employee ID, employee name,their years of tenure with the company, their salary and their age
Example1: Arrange it by descending years of tenure (Chopping block 1)
PROC SQL;
select employee_id, employee_name, int(yrdif(emp_Hire_date,today(),"ACTUAL")) as tenure,
Salary,int(yrdif(Birth_date,today(),'ACTUAL')) as Age
from arturo.salesstaff order by tenure desc;
quit;

8. .2 Ordering Data PARTIAL PROC SQL OUTPUT ….
The SAS System :38 Wednesday, May 26,
Employee ID Employee_Name tenure Salary Age
_______ Comber, Edwin $28,
Simms, Doungkamol $26,
Plybon, John-Michael $26,
Phaiyakounh, Julianna $26,
Blackley, James $26,
Nowd, Fadi $30,
Spofford, Elizabeth $28,
Court, Donald $27,
Sugg, Kasha $28,
Tilley, Kimiko $25,
Tolley, Hershell $27,
Hayawardhana, Caterina $30,
** - Tenure is in descending order

9. .2 Producing an Ordered Report
Remember to sort the output in descending order of tenure and then by Age
Proc SQL;
select employee_id, employee_name, int(yrdif(emp_Hire_date,today(),"ACTUAL")) as tenure,
Salary, int(yrdif(Birth_date,today(),'ACTUAL')) as Age
from arturo.salesstaff where salary gt 30000
order by tenure desc, salary desc;

10. Producing an Ordered Report
The Output Sample
The SAS System :38 Wednesday, May 26,
Employee
Annual
Employee ID Employee_Name tenure Salary Age
Nowd, Fadi $30,
Hayawardhana, Caterina $30,
Knudson, Susie $30,
Hofmeister, Fong $32,
Roebuck, Alvin $30,
Phoumirath, Lynelle $30,
Pilgrim, Daniel $36,
Chinnis, Kumar $32,
Farren, Priscilla $32,

11. .2a Enhancing Query Output
You can use SAS formats and tables to customize PROC SQL Output.
In the SELECT list, after the column name, but before the commas that separate
the columns, you can include the following:
Text in quotation marks (ANSI) or the label = Column modifier (SAS enhancement) to alter the column heading ie use labels instead of variable names
The FORMAT = column modifier to alter the appearance of the values in that column
ie. Formatting cash amounts with dollar sign and commas
PROC SQL:
proc sql;
select employee_id label= "Employee Identifier" ,
employee_name label= "Employee Name" ,
int(yrdif(emp_Hire_date,today(),"ACTUAL")) as tenure label="Years of Service",
Salary label="Income" format = dollar12.,
int(yrdif(Birth_date,today(),'ACTUAL')) as Age label="Employee Age"
from learn.salesstaff where salary gt 30000
order by tenure desc, salary desc;
quit;

12. Enhancing Query Output
PARTIAL PROC SQL OUTPUT ….
The SAS System :22 Thursday, May 27,
Employee Years of Employee
Identifier Employee Name Service Income Age
Nowd, Fadi $30,
Hayawardhana, Caterina $30,
Knudson, Susie $30,
Hofmeister, Fong $32,
Roebuck, Alvin $30,
** - Tenure is in descending order

13. .2b Business Scenario 9999 Salary + bonus: $32012.32
Produce a report of salary listing of active employees who has wages above $ their 7% bonus. The requestor provided this sketch of the desired report.
Proposed Annual Savings
Employee Number
9999 Salary + bonus: $
Additional Techniques to use:
define a new column containing the same constant character value for every row
Using SAS titles and footnotes
Use a combination of these techniques to produce the proposed Annual Savings Report

14. .2 Enhancing Query Output
The code:
PROC SQL;
title 'Annual Savings Plan 2011';
proc sql;
select employee_id label="Employee ID",
Salary*1.07 as NewSalary label="Salary 2011" format=dollar12.2
from arturo.salesstaff where Salary > and emp_term_date < 1 order by NewSalary desc;
quit;
TITLE and FOOTNOTE statements must precede the SELECT statement.
PROC SQL has an option, DQUOTE=, which specifies whether PROC SQL treats values within double quotation marks (" ") as variables or strings.
With the default, DQUOTE=SAS, values within double quotation marks are treated as text strings.
With DQUOTE=ANSI, PROC SQL treats a quoted value as a variable. This feature enables you to use reserved words such as AS, JOIN, GROUP, or DBMS names and other names that are not normally permissible in SAS, such as table names, column names, or aliases. The quoted value can contain any character.
Values in single quotation marks are always treated as text strings.

15. Enhancing Query Output
PARTIAL PROC SQL OUTPUT ….
Annual Savings Plan :51 Thursday, May 27,
Employee ID Salary 2011
$39,167.35
$38,509.30
$35,293.95
$35,015.75
$34,764.30
$34,491.45
$34,491.45
$34,464.70
$34,446.51

16. .3 Summarizing Data

17. /*Find total salary for all active employees*/ proc sql;
We need to find the total salary for all employees in the company.
/*Find total salary for all active employees*/
proc sql;
Title 'Total Salary For Active Employees';
select "TOTAL:" , sum(Salary) format =comma12.2
from greg.salesstaff where Emp_Term_Date is missing;
quit;

18. Total Salary For Active Employees 23
08:24 Saturday, May 29, 2010
TOTAL: 3,512,777.25 33
.4 The COUNT Function
The COUNT function returns the number of rows returned
by a query.
General form of the COUNT function:
argument
can be the following: n
* (asterisk), which counts all rows
a column name, which counts the number
of non -
missing values in that column
COUNT
(*| )

19. Summary Functions Example: Determine the total number of current34
Summary Functions
Example:
Determine the total number of current
employees.
PROC SQL Output
Count
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308
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proc sql;
select count(*) as Count
from learn.salestaff
where emp_term_date is missing ;
quit;

20. Proc SQL: Data Grouping20

21. .5 Grouping Data
We can produce output calculated by group using SQL. Here, we calculate the average salary by gender:
ods rtf file="grouping1.rtf"; proc sql; title "Grouping by Gender"; select Gender, avg(Salary) as Average_Salary format=dollar8. from learn.salesstaff group by gender; ods rtf close; run;
Gender
Average_Salary F
$27,924 M
$27,955
Briefly explain “ods rtf” inclusion.
Discuss “group by” option.
Use of “run” statement is extraneous, but good habit. 21

22. Groups and Subgroups
We can produce output calculated by group and subgroup. Here, we calculate counts for each gender by job title:
Job_Title
Gender
Counts
Sales Rep. I F 21 M 42
Sales Rep. II 25
Sales Rep. III 15 19
Sales Rep. IV 7 9
ods rtf file="grouping2.rtf";
proc sql;
title "Counts by Job Title";
select Job_Title as Title, Gender, count(*) as Counts from staff group by Job_Title, gender;
ods rtf close;
run;
1. Discuss order of variables listed after “group by” option. 22

23. .6 Using the WHERE Clause
We can create output specified within particular restraints by using the WHERE clause. Here, we have the average salaries for women employees by job title:
ods rtf file="grouping3.rtf";
proc sql;
title "Average Salary of Women Employees";
select job_title as Title, avg(salary) format=dollar8. as Average from staff
where gender="F"
group by job_title;
ods rtf close;
run;
Job_Title
Average
Sales Rep. I
$26,339
Sales Rep. II
$27,368
Sales Rep. III
$29,436
Sales Rep. IV
$31,420
1. “Where” clause comes before “group by” option and determines which rows from the data set will be used in the program. 23

24. .7 Using the HAVING Clause
Alternatively, we can use the HAVING clause to specify which data we want to display. Here, we count the number of women employees by job title.
ods rtf file="grouping4.rtf";
proc sql;
title "Count by Title of Women Employees";
select job_title as Title, count(*) as Women from staff group by Job_title, gender
having gender eq "F"
order by Count desc;
ods rtf close;
run;
Job_Title
Women
Sales Rep. II 25
Sales Rep. I 21
Sales Rep. III 15
Sales Rep. IV 7
“Having” clause comes after “group by” option and determines what rows will be used in the output of this program.
Discuss differences between “where” and “having”. 24

25. .8 Using the FIND Function
The FIND function is a useful tool for locating data and counting data. Here, we use the FIND function to count the number of women employees and display salaries by job title.
ods rtf file="grouping5.rtf";
proc sql;
title "Summary Information of Women Employees";
select Job_title, count(find(gender, "F", "I")>0) as Women,
avg(salary) format=dollar8. as Average from staff
group by Job_title, gender having gender="F";
ods rtf close;
run;
Job_Title
Women
Average
Sales Rep. I 21
$26,339
Sales Rep. II 25
$27,368
Sales Rep. III 15
$29,436
Sales Rep. IV 7
$31,420
The “find” function:
find(where to look, what to look for, options)
Options
modifiers: “i” = ignore caps, etc.
startpos=number identifies which position in the character string to start from.
3. The “>0” specification (is unnecessary in this example) 25

26. The find function
The FIND function returns the starting position of a substring within a string.
NOTICE: the string must be character value.
The general form of FIND function is:
FIND(string,substring<,modifier(s)><,startpos>)
STRING --- constant, variable, or expression to be searched.
SUBSTRING --- constant, variable, or expression sought within the string.
MODIFIER(S) --- i=ignore case, t=trim trailing blanks.
STARTPOS --- an integer specifying the start position and direction of the search.

27. The find function
EXP: find the starting position of the substring F in the character variable Gender.
proc sql;
select gender,
find(Gender,"F","t")
"female_employee"
from learn.Salesstaff ;
quit;
Because “F” is in the first position of the first substring, so the the value returned by FIND function is “1”; and “F” is not is the second substring , so the returned value is “0”

28. .9 Using Boolean Expressions
Boolean expressions evaluate to TRUE(1) or FALSE(0).
They are used in this SELECT list to distinguish rows that have “F” in the Gender column.
proc sql;
select Job_Title,Gender,
(find(Gender,"F","i")>0)
"female_employee"
from learn.Salesstaff ;
quit;
The boolean expression will produce the value 1 when Gender contains “F” and 0 when is does not.

29. Using Boolean Expressions
Female_Employee to Male_Employee Partial output
Employee female_
Employee Job Title Gender employee
==========================================
Sales Rep. I F
Sales Rep. II M
Sales Rep. III F
Sales Rep. II F
Sales Rep. IV M
Sales Rep. I M

30. Using Boolean Expressions
Use the counted value to calculate the percentage.
proc sql;
title "Female_Employee to Male_Employee Ratios";
select job_title,
sum((find(Gender,"F","i")>0))
as Female_employee,
sum((find(Gender,"F","i")=0))
as Male_employee,
calculated Female_employee/calculated Male_employee
"F/M Ratio" format=percent8.1
from learn.salesstaff
group by job_title ;
quit;

31. Using Boolean Expressions
Female_Employee to Male_Employee Ratios
Female_ Male_ F/M
Employee Job Title employee employee Ratio
=================================================================
Sales Rep. I %
Sales Rep. II %
Sales Rep. III %
Sales Rep. IV %

32. Summary
In summary, the SQL procedure provides the following capabilities:
ordering of report
enhanced report production through labels and formats
summarization of data
use of counts and data grouping
use of selection criteria like where and having
use of find function and boolean expressions
These characteristics makes the analysis of data a breeze….
thanks to PROC SQL.