1. Routes of Administration

2. State Standard
1) Receive and screen prescription/medication orders for completeness and authenticity, identifying generic and name brands of pharmaceuticals, strengths/dose, dosage form, physical appearance, route of administration, and duration of drug therapy. Develop an informative brochure explaining the top 200 medications per the criteria previous listed.
5) Research the basic chemical properties, physical properties, dosages, and indications of legend for selected over-the-counter (OTC) drugs and herbal and dietary supplements. Illustrate findings in an oral, visual, or digital presentation, citing information obtained from print and online medical sites such as the U.S. National Library of Medicine databases.

3. Objectives Students will be able to…
Determine the most common routes of administration for drugs.
Research insulin types and educate a new diabetic patient over administration/routes for their insulin.

4. Delayed and Extended Releases
Medications released over a period of time
Extended release (ER)
Long acting (LA)
Sustained release (SR)
Time release (TR)
Controlled release (CR)

5. Routes of Administration
Method by which medication is introduced into the body for absorption and distribution
Varies from patient to patient
Factors include patient's age, consciousness, medical condition, time to achieve results, and side effects.

6. Routes of Administration
Oral
Abbreviation: PO (per os, Latin for "by mouth")
Advantages
Safe, convenient, easy to store; readily available; lower cost, immediate release or extended release; easy to self-administer

7. Routes of Administration
Oral
Disadvantages
Hard to swallow for those who are children, elderly, unconscious, ventilated, or having digestion problems
Take longer to absorb and distribute

8. Routes of Administration
Oral
Sublingual
Tablets administered under the tongue, bypassing the digestive system and diffusing directly into the blood supply
Buccal
Tablets and lozenges/troches administered between the gum and cheek, absorbed into bloodstream through mucous membranes

9. Routes of Administration
Transdermal (percutaneous)
Generally uses patch applied to skin
Delivers medication to bloodstream
Two kinds of patches
One controls rate of delivery to skin and bloodstream
One lets skin control rate of delivery

10. Routes of Administration
Inhalation
Medication inhaled through mouth directly into lungs
Effective for lung conditions when immediate relief is needed
Nasal
Inhaled through nose and absorbed into the bloodstream
Sprayed into nose for local effects

11. Routes of Administration
Parenteral
Medication does not pass through the gastrointestinal system.
Quicker absorption and distribution
Convenient for those who cannot take medicine orally
Varied rate of delivery
Dosage must be correct because action is immediate and unreversable.

12. Routes of Administration
Parenteral
Intradermal (ID)
Injection into top layers of skin
Subcutaneous (SC)
Injection into tissue under the skin

13. Routes of Administration
Parenteral
Intramuscular (IM)
Injection into large muscle masses, such as upper arm, thigh, buttock
Intravenous (IV)
Medication administered directly into vein

14. Routes of Administration
Parenteral
Other parenteral routes include:
Implant
Device inserted into the body to slowly release medication
Intra-arterial
Injection into artery
Intra-articular
Injection within joint

15. Routes of Administration
Parenteral
Other parenteral routes include:
Intracardiac
Injection into heart
Intraperitoneal
Injection into abdominal or peritoneal cavity
Intrapleural
Injection into sac (pleura) surrounding lungs

16. Routes of Administration
Parenteral
Other parenteral routes include:
Intrathecal
Injection into cerebrospinal fluid around spinal cord
Intraventricular
Injecting antibiotics or chemotherapy agents into brain cavities (ventricles)

17. Routes of Administration
Parenteral
Other parenteral routes include:
Intravesicular
Injection into urinary bladder
Intravitreal
Injection into vitreous body of the eye

18. Routes of Administration
Topical
Administered externally to the skin
Absorbed into the mucous membrane, preventing particles from being absorbed into the bloodstream
Rectal
Administered through the rectum for local or systemic effects

19. Routes of Administration
Vaginal
Medications inserted into vagina for absorption and distribution for local or systemic conditions
Ophthalmic
Solutions, ointments, suspensions, or gels administered through the eye
Treats conditions of the eye directly

20. Routes of Administration
Otic
Medications administered in the ear to treat infections, inflammation, and severe wax buildup
Solutions and suspensions absorbed in the ear canal for immediate relief

21. Activity Complete drug cards for the following… Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Insulin (Lantus)
Fluconazole (Diflucan)
Research the 4 types of insulin, Brand name of each, the time of onset (time to start working), how each is administered, explain proper procedure for injections including what parts of the body to inject (include a drawing showing an injection). Create a teaching plan for a newly found diabetic teenager using the information that your have found. Make sure it is on their education level (8th Grade)