1. The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
Chapter 20
The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

2. Power looms in an English textile factory.

3. The Industrial Revolution Begins in Great Britain
Origins
Agricultural Revolution (land enclosures, crop rotation, seed drill, etc. = more food = more people)
Capital for investment (Banking system)
Natural Resources (coal, iron ore, rivers)
Stable Government favorable to business (capitalism or free market system)
Markets (at home and abroad)

4. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization
Cotton Industry
Water frame, Crompton’s mule
Edmund Cartwright’s power looms, 1787
The Steam engine
Coal
James Watt ( )
The Iron Industry
Puddling, using coke to burn away impurities
A Revolution in Transportation: Railroad
Richard Trevithick’s locomotive
George Stephenson’s Rocket
The Industrial Factory
Factory laborers
Time-work discipline

5. A Boulton and Watt Steam Engine.
Encouraged by his business partner, Matthew Boulton, James Watt developed the first genuine steam engine. Pictured here is a typical Boulton and Watt engine. Steam pressure in the cylinder on the left drives the beam upward and sets the flywheel in motion.
p. 610

6. Railroad Line from Liverpool to Manchester.
The railroad line from Liverpool to Manchester, opened in 1830, relied on steam locomotives. As is evident in this illustration, carrying passengers was the railroad’s main business. First-class passengers rode in covered cars; second- and third-class passengers, in open cars.
p. 611

7. Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in Britain by 1850.
The Industrial Revolution began in the mid-1700s. Increased food production, rapid population growth, higher incomes, plentiful capital, solid banking and financial institutions, an abundance of mineral resources, and easy transport all furthered the process, making Britain the world’s wealthiest country by 1850.
Q How well did the railroad system connect important British industrial areas?
Map 20-1, p. 612

8. Opening of the Royal Albert Bridge.
This painting by Thomas Robins shows the ceremonies attending the official opening of the Royal Albert Bridge. I. K. Brunel, one of Britain’s great engineers, designed this bridge, which carried a railroad line across the Tamar River into Cornwall. As is evident in the picture, the bridge was high enough to allow ships to pass underneath.
p. 613

9. A British Textile Factory.
The development of the factory changed the relationship between workers and employers as workers were encouraged to adjust to a new system of discipline that forced them to work regular hours under close supervision. This 1851 illustration shows women working in a British textile factory.
p. 613

10. The Great Exhibition: Britain in 1851
Crystal Palace
Covered 19 acres, 100,000 exhibits
Great Exhibition
Displayed Britain’s wealth
Prince Albert

11. The Great Exhibition of 1851.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 was a symbol of the success of Great Britain, which had become the world’s first industrial nation and its richest. More than 100,000 exhibits were housed in the Crystal Palace, a giant structure of cast iron and glass. The first illustration shows the front of the palace and some of its numerous visitors. The second shows the opening day ceremonies. Queen Victoria is seen at the center with her family, surrounded by visitors from all over the world. Note the large tree inside the building, providing a visible symbol of how the Industrial Revolution had supposedly achieved human domination over nature.
p. 615

12. The Great Exhibition of 1851.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 was a symbol of the success of Great Britain, which had become the world’s first industrial nation and its richest. More than 100,000 exhibits were housed in the Crystal Palace, a giant structure of cast iron and glass. The first illustration shows the front of the palace and some of its numerous visitors. The second shows the opening day ceremonies. Queen Victoria is seen at the center with her family, surrounded by visitors from all over the world. Note the large tree inside the building, providing a visible symbol of how the Industrial Revolution had supposedly achieved human domination over nature.
p. 615

13. The Spread of Industrialization
Continental countries lagged behind
Guild restrictions
War and upheavals
Borrowing Techniques and Practices
John Cockerill
Fritz Harkort
Role of Government
Friedrich List
National System of Political Economy
Joint-stock investment banks

14. Centers of Continental Industrialization
Cotton manufacturing
Belgium
France
Germany
Impact of the steam engine
Iron and coal for heavy industry in Germany and France

15. Map 20.2: The Industrialization of Europe by 1850.
Great Britain was Europe’s first industrialized country; however, by the middle of the nineteenth century, several regions on the Continent, especially in Belgium, France, and the German states, had made significant advances in industrialization.
Q What reasons could explain why coal mining and iron industries are densely clustered in manufacturing and industrial areas?
Map 20-2, p. 617

16. Industrial Revolution in the United States
Borrowing from Britain
Samuel Slater
Harpers Ferry arsenal
Transportation network
Roads and canal
Railroad
Labor
Women 80% of labor in the textile factories
Capital-intensive pattern

17. The Steamboat.
The steamboat was an important means of transportation for American products and markets. Steamboats like the one shown in this illustration regularly plied the Mississippi River, moving the farm products of the Midwest and the southern plantations to markets in New Orleans. After the American Civil War, railroads began to replace steamboats on many routes.
p. 619

18. Limiting the Spread of Industrialization
Deliberate policy to prevent growth of mechanized industry
Eastern Europe remained largely rural and agricultural
India spinners and handloom weavers were put out of work

19. The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Population Growth
Decline of the death rate
The Great Hunger
Irish population growth
Reliance on the potato
Potato crop fails,
Emigration
Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution
Sanitary conditions
Suburbs
Row houses
Adulteration of food
Moral consequences of urban life

20. A New Industrial Town.
Cities and towns grew dramatically in Britain in the first half of the nineteenth century, largely as a result of industrialization. Pictured here is Saltaire, a model textile factory and town founded near Bradford by Titus Salt in To facilitate the transportation of goods, the town was built on the Leeds and Liverpool canals.
p. 622

21. Urban Living Conditions & Reforms
Urban Reformers
Edwin Chadwick ( )
Use of drainage
Piped water
New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class
Out of mercantile trades
Out of dissenting religious minorities
New business aristocracy
New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age
Laborers and servants

22. Images of Everyday Life: Living Conditions of London’s Poor.

23. Images of Everyday Life: Living Conditions of London’s Poor.

24. Images of Everyday Life: Living Conditions of London’s Poor.

25. Working Conditions for the Industrial Working Class
Cotton mills
Coal mines
Child labor
Pauper apprentices
Women
Factory Acts
Factory Act of 1833
Women and children
Standards of Living
Fluctuations of wages and prices
Consumption
Periodic overproduction and unemployment

26. Women and Children in the Mines.
Women and children were often employed in the factories and mines of the early nineteenth century. These illustrations are from the Report of the Children’s Employment Commission in Great Britain in The top image shows a woman dragging a cart loaded with coal. The image below shows a boy walking backwards in a mine, pulling a cart also filled with coal. Both images show the trying conditions under which both women and children worked in the early Industrial Revolution. In 1842, the Coal Mines Act forbade the use of boys younger than ten and women in the mines.
p. 630

27. Women and Children in the Mines.
Women and children were often employed in the factories and mines of the early nineteenth century. These illustrations are from the Report of the Children’s Employment Commission in Great Britain in The top image shows a woman dragging a cart loaded with coal. The image below shows a boy walking backwards in a mine, pulling a cart also filled with coal. Both images show the trying conditions under which both women and children worked in the early Industrial Revolution. In 1842, the Coal Mines Act forbade the use of boys younger than ten and women in the mines.
p. 630

28. Efforts at Change Efforts at Change: The Workers
Robert Owen ( ), Utopian Socialism
Trade unionism
Luddites
The People’s Charter
Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government
Factory acts,
Factory Act of 1833
Coal Mines Act, 1842

29. A Trade Union Membership Card.
Skilled workers in a number of new industries formed trade unions in an attempt to gain higher wages, better working conditions, and special benefits. The scenes at the bottom of this membership card for the Associated Shipwrights Society illustrate some of the medical and social benefits it provided for its members.
p. 632

30. Timeline, p. 634

31. Discussion Questions
What were the factors, or conditions, that gave Britain the edge in the Industrial Revolution?
How did the textile industry develop a dependency on American cotton?
How is transportation changed in England as a result of the Industrial Revolution?
Why does England see Germany as a threat but not the United States?