1. Warm Up
Pick up warm up off of front desk, find a spot to roll out your timeline and answer the questions using SFI
You have 30 mins

2. Warm up- page 6 Id these words in your own words X chromosome
Testosterone
Gender role
Gender Identity
Gender typing
Norm
Social Learning Theory
Gender Schema Theory

3. Chapter 4: Developmental Psychology pt. 1

4. Developmental Psychology
Branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social changes through out the life span.
Look for commonalities between us.
Look at issues of:
Nature/nurture
Continuity/Stages
Stability/Change

5. Prenatal Development
Zygote: fertilized egg…eventually develops into a embryo after 2 weeks.
Cells rapidly start dividing to create a multicellular organism and differentiate to create organs.
Fewer than half survive to become embryos.

6. Prenatal Development
Embryo: developing human organism. Considered embryo from 2 weeks to 2nd month.
This stage is when pregnancy is officially established…woman will miss period.
Week 4-8 are when all major organs begin functioning.
When teratogens have greatest effect.

7. Prenatal Development
Fetus: developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception until birth.
After 12 weeks most of major development is “finished” except for brain and lungs.
Responsive to sound
After 6 months…premature babies’ organs sufficiently formed to allow chance of survival.
Week 16
Week 20

8. Teratogens
Agents such as chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
Examples: AIDS virus, drugs, alcohol can all be passed onto baby and cause damage.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

10. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
No safe amount of alcohol
1 in 750 infants
Small, misproportioned head, brain abnormalities
Leading cause of mental retardation

11. Newborn Capacities
Come equipped with reflexes ideally suited for survival. Ex: rooting reflex: baby’s tendency when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and search for food.

12. Newborn Capacities
Habituation: describes infants’ decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimuli. Infer that newborns have cognitive ability to differentiate between different visual stimuli.

13. Maturation
Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
Genetic blueprint unfolding
Stand before walking
In terms of brain development, natural maturation causes neural interconnection to multiply rapidly after birth.
However, severe deprivation and abuse will retard development. Furthermore, increased stimulation will cause early neural connections.
Maturation sets the basic course of development; experience adjusts it.

14. Maturation and Memory Earliest memory is hardly before age 3
After age ¾ we organize memories different

15. Normal Maturation

16. Maturation and Motor Skills
Maturation also influences motor development.
The sequence of complex physical skills, from sitting, standing, walking, are nearly universal are across the world.
Overall, experience has a limited effect until certain muscular or neural maturation occurs. Ex: Potty Training.

17. Cognitive Development

18. Jean Piaget
Developed stages of cognitive development
Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Schemas: concepts of phenomena developed by humans that increase with development. Adjusted by:
Assimilation: interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas. Ex: kids and “doggies”
Accommodation: adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. Ex: new schema for groundhog.

19. Know This Chart

20. Piaget’s Stages
Stage 1: Sensorimotor: birth to 2, experience world mostly through your senses and movement.
Major Development During this stage:
Stranger Anxiety
Object Permanence: awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. Why Babies like peek-a-boo.

21. Piaget’s Stages
Stage 2: Preoperational: 2-6, child learns to represent things with language but does not understand concrete logic.
Major Development During this stage:
Pretend Play
Language Development
Egocentrism: inability to take another point of view.

22. Theory Of Mind
Although still egocentric they begin to form a theory of mind
Realizing that people have minds and think
Ask Why?
Begin to empathize,tease, take another perspective

23. Autism
A disorder characterized by deficient communication and social interaction

24. Lev Vygotsky Age 7 children no longer need to always think out loud
Pre operational and operational
Use inner speech

25. Piaget’s Stages
Stage 3: Concrete Operational: 7 to 11, child begins to think concretely and complete math operations.
Major Development During this Stage:
1. Conservation: principle that mass, volume, and number remain the same despite their form.

26. Piaget’s Stages
Stage 4: Formal Operational: 12 to adulthood, ability to abstractly reason and use abstract logic.
Major Developments During This Stage:
Abstract Logic: hypothetical situations, ideas like communism
Mature Moral Reasoning: ideas like “right to life,” “right to liberty,” Etc.

27. Current Thinking Piaget’s sequence is right but timing is not exact.
Some cognitive events occur earlier than he thought and process as a whole is more continuous.
Did not give children enough credit

28. Warm up
pick up warm up off of the overhead. Work in groups to complete it
All work must be complete in 10 minuets

29. Social Development

30. Attachment
Emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

31. Harlow’s Theory of Attachment
Attachment is based on:
Body Contact
Familiarity
Responsive Parenting

32. Body Contact
Infants become intensely attached to entitities that provide comfortable body contact to them. Things like rocking, warmth, and feeding make attachment stronger.
IMPORTANCE: NOT nourishment that provides attachment as originally thought.

33. Familiarity Also key in understanding attachment.
A.) Critical Period: optimal period shortly after birth when certain events must take place to facilitate proper development. Ex: First moving object a duckling sees it will attach to as its mother…would follow person, moving ball, etc.
B.) Imprinting: process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. NOT FOR HUMANS. However do become attached to what they know.

34. Responsive Parenting 60 % of all infants
Responsive Parenting leads to secure attachment.
Secure Attachment: in mother’s presence will explore new territories and play comfortably. When mother leaves will become distressed, when returns will seek contact with her.
60 % of all infants

35. Responsive Parenting
Insecure Attachment: in mother’s presence are less likely to explore their surroundings; cling to mother. When leaves, cry loudly and remain upset or seem indifferent to their mother’s comings and goings.

36. Why Secure or Insecure Mary Ainsworth
Studied 1 year olds in “strange situations” without mothers
Found- sensitive, responsive mothers had secure children
Found- insensitive, unresponsive mothers, mothers who respond when convenient, had insecurely attached children

37. Secure Attachment predicts social competency
Securely attached children approach life with basic trust
A sense that the world is predictable and reliable
Attachment also reflects romance styles

38. Consequences of Insecure Attachment
Under conditions of abuse and neglect, humans are often withdrawn, frightened, even speechless.
Harlow’s monkeys often incapable of mating or extremely abusive, neglectful, or murderous towards first-born.
Most abusers were abused; abused are more likely to abuse…even though the majority of them don’t.

39. Disruption of Attachment
Separation from loved ones can have devastating results
If removed and placed in a more stable environment most effects of the separation disappear
Adults also suffer when attachment bonds are severed

40. Daycare and Attachment
Children need consistent, warm relationships with people they can trust
Daycare has both good and bad effects

41. Self –Concept
Self- Concept- a sense of their own identity and personal worth
Develops by age 12
The next big step after attachment

42. Parental Authority Questionnaire
1. Permissive- relatively warm, non demanding, noncontrolling parent
#s- 1,6,10,13,14,17,19,21,24,28
2. Authoritarian- parents who value unquestioning obedience and attempt to control their children’s behaviors, often through punitive disciplinary practices
#’s- 2,3,7,9,12,16,18,25,26,29
3. Authoritative- parents who use firm ,clear but flexible and rational modes of child rearing
#’s- 4,5,8,11,15,20,22,23,27,30
4. Total them up

43. Social Development: Child Rearing Practices- Baumrind
Authoritarian
parents impose rules and expect obedience
“Don’t interrupt”
“Why? Because I said so.”
Permissive:
submit to children’s desires
make few demands
use little punishment

44. Social Development- Child-Rearing Practices
Authoritative
parents are both demanding and responsive
set rules, but explain reasons
encourage discussion
Children have highest self esteem and social competence
Rejecting-neglecting
disengaged
expect little
invest little