1. Philosophers of Industrialization
Chapter 25 Section D
Philosophers of Industrialization

2. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Laissez-Faire Economics
Adam Smith wrote Wealth of Nations and argued that government should not interfere with economy

3. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Thomas Malthus wrote, An Essay on the Principles of Population and argued that population grew faster than the food supply

4. The Philosophers of Industrialization
David Ricardo wrote, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation and believed that a permanent underclass would always be poor

5. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Rise of Socialism
Utilitarianism
Jeremy Bentham argued that people should judge ideas, institutions and actions on the basis of their utility and usefulness
Bentham argued that the government should try to promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

6. The Philosophers of Industrialization
John Stuart Mill wished to help ordinary working people with policies that would lead to a more equal division of profits
Mill favored a cooperative system of agriculture and women’s rights, including the right to vote

7. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Utopian Ideas
Robert Owen set-up an entire village near his factory in New Lanark, Scotland
Owens community in New Harmony, Indiana influenced other communities

8. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Socialism and Marxism
Charles Fourier Saint-Simon sought to offset the effects of industrialization with a new idea of an economic system called Socialism
Factors of Production (in Socialism) are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all

9. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote a pamphlet entitled, The Communist Manifesto

10. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Marx and Engels argued that human societies have always divided into warring classes. They called for “workingmen of all countries, unite.”

11. The Philosophers of Industrialization
The future According to Marx
Marx believed the capitalist system would destroy itself
Marx called for everything to be owned by the people and Private Property to cease to exist

12. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Unionization and Legislative Reform
The Union Movement
Unions spoke for all workers in a particular trade
Collective Bargaining – Negotiations between workers and their employers
Strikes – Refusal to work
Unions shared goals: raising wages and improving working conditions

13. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Reform Laws
Factory Act of 1833 – Made it illegal to hire children under 9 years of age (G.B.)
The Mines Act of 1842 – Prevented women and children from working underground (G.B.)

14. The Philosophers of Industrialization
The Ten Hours Act of 1847 – Limited the work day for women and children to 10 hours (G.B.)
U.S. lags behind Great Britain and does not begin limiting child labor until 1919 and then leaves it up to each state

15. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Other Reform Movements
Abolition of Slavery
William Wilberforce – Led the fight to end slavery in Great Britain
2. Britain abolished slavery in 1833

16. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Women Fight for Change
International Council for Women (1888) – World Organization of Women that fought for women’s rights

17. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Jane Addams and Ellen Starr founded Hull House which aided the immigrant population of a Chicago neighborhoods and trained social workers

18. The Philosophers of Industrialization
Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life
Horace Mann favored free education for all children

20. The Philosophers of Industrialization
French writer Alexis de Tocqueville draws attention to the United States prison conditions in 1831

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