1. State Government

2. The States The Main Idea Reading Focus
Section-1
The States
The Main Idea
In the United States, all 50 independent states fit together to form one country. The federal system allows state governments to serve the needs of their citizens while cooperating as a united country.
Reading Focus
What powers do state governments have?
How do states work together with other states and with the national government in our federal system?

3. Section-1
The States
State Government Powers
When the 13 states ratified(approved) the Constitution they agreed to not let the federal government have too much power.
They created a system that divided powers between the federal(national) government and the states(federalism).
Delegated powers were given the federal government.
This included printing money, maintaining the postal service and defending the country

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The States
State Powers
The Tenth Amendment states “any power not delegated to the federal government belongs to the people and the state.”
These powers are known as “reserved powers”
These powers include:
Election oversight
Education
Police protection
Public building programs
Health and safety
Highways

5. Section-1
The States
State Powers
Some powers are shared by both the states and federal government.
These are called concurrent powers.
Examples of concurrent powers:
Taxes
Making and enforcing laws
Court systems
Borrow and spend money
Tax dollars go towards services such as education, highways, health and safety programs

6. The States Components of a state constitution:
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The States
Components of a state constitution:
Preamble - states the ideals of the government
Bill of rights - list of rights guaranteed to citizens
Outline of government organization - duties of the government's branches are spelled out
Provisions for elections
Provisions for managing state affairs, such as education, law and order, highways, and taxation
Methods of amending the state's constitution and list of approved amendments

7. Section-1
The States
Cooperation of states with each other and the federal government:
The full faith and credit clause* of the U.S. Constitution ensures states will respect court decisions of other states.
Fugitives from one state are subject to extradition if found in another state.
States work together to reduce pollution and maintain mutual public interests.
The U.S. Constitution guarantees a "republican government" to each state.
The federal government must help put down "domestic violence" in the states.
Governments work together to conserve resources, assist the unemployed, build highways, and offer job training.
Governments also cooperate in times of crisis(earthquakes, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes) to provide aid(help) to disaster victims.
Full faith and credit clause- examples; marriage certificates, birth certificates, wills, contracts

8. Section-1
The States

9. The States Question: What types of powers are reserved for the state?
Section-1
The States
Question: What types of powers are reserved for the state?

10. The States Question: What types of powers are reserved for the state?
Section-1
The States
Question: What types of powers are reserved for the state?

11. State Legislatures The Main Idea Reading Focus
Section-2
State Legislatures
The Main Idea
The process of passing state laws is similar to the process used in the U.S. Congress. In some states, citizens can take a direct role in making the state's laws.
Reading Focus
How are state legislatures organized to equally represent the citizens of the their state?
How are state laws passed?
How do citizens participate in making state laws?

12. State Legislatures Organization
Section-2
State Legislatures
Organization
Every state in the U.S. except one has a bicameral legislation (legislature divided into two houses)
Nebraska is the one state that does not
Nebraska has a unicameral, one house, legislature called the senate.
Legislatures will vary in size
Alaska has the smallest
New Hampshire has the largest
These state legislatures are organized to represent all citizens of the state equally

13. Section-2
State Legislatures

14. State Legislatures Populations in state election districts:
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State Legislatures
Populations in state election districts:
1964—Reynolds v. Sims: all state election districts must be as equal as possible
Equally populated districts ensure the principle of "one person, one vote."

15. Section-2
State Legislatures
Many states require similar qualifications and terms of office for state legislators:
Must be U.S. citizens and residents of the district they represent
Senators must be at least 25 years of age, and representatives must be at least 21.
Two- to four-year terms
Salaries and benefits tend to be low*.
*Rhode Island only has part time legislators and earn $13,000/year and New York has the highest paid full time legislators at $79

16. Section-2
State Legislatures

17. Section-2
State Legislatures
Choosing presiding officers and carrying out legislation:
Either the lieutenant governor or a selected official presides over the Senate.
Speakers are chosen in the lower houses.
Committees are appointed.
Seniority determines many of the appointments.
State bills follow a path similar to that of federal bills before they can become laws.
Some states require referendums(method of referring a bill to the voters for approval) before certain bills become laws.

18. Section-2
State Legislatures
Question: What are the qualifications and terms of office for a state legislator?

19. Section-2
State Legislatures
Question: What are the qualifications and terms of office for a state legislator?
Qualifications and Terms:
Must be U.S. citizen and resident of the district he/she represents
Senators must be at least 25 years of age; representatives must be at least 21
Two- to four-year terms

20. The State Executive Branch
Section-3
The State Executive Branch
The Main Idea
A state's executive branch carries out laws made by the state's legislative branch. Governors are the chief executives of state government.
Reading Focus
Who is the state's chief executive, and what are his or her powers and duties?
Who are the other officials of state executive branches?

21. The State Executive Branch
Section-3
The State Executive Branch
Most governors
Must be U.S. citizens who have lived in the state for a certain number of years.
Must be at least 30 years old.
Serve four-year terms with limits of one to two terms.

22. The State Executive Branch
Section-3
The State Executive Branch
Duties and powers of governors include:
Highest ranking official at the state level (Chief Executive)
Propose laws and programs to the legislature; approving or vetoing bills.
Developing state budgets.
Controlling state police and militia.
Appointing officials and supervising executive branch.

23. The State Executive Branch
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The State Executive Branch

24. The State Executive Branch
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The State Executive Branch
Other officials of the state executive branch, in most states:
Lieutenant governor—succeeds governor; presides over the Senate
Secretary of state—keeps state records and supervises elections
Attorney general—in charge of legal business
State treasurer—supervises all state funds
State auditor (comptroller)—supervises the state's financial records
Superintendent of public instruction—governs local school districts and distributes state funds

25. The State Executive Branch
Section-3
The State Executive Branch
State Executive Agencies and Officials
Help the governor carry out the laws
Have specific areas of responsibility such as agriculture, justice, labor, public safety, public works, or transportation
Officials of agencies are usually appointed by the governor.
Some jobs are filled through patronage.

26. The State Executive Branch
Section-3
The State Executive Branch
Question: What are the powers and duties of the governor?

27. The State Executive Branch
Section-3
The State Executive Branch
Question: What are the powers and duties of the governor?
Powers and Duties of the Governor
Chief Legislator
Chief Executive
Political Party Leader
Other Powers

28. State Courts The Main Idea Reading Focus
Section-4
State Courts
The Main Idea
State court systems include lower courts, general trial courts, appeals courts, and state supreme courts.
Reading Focus
What kinds of cases do state courts handle?
How is the state court system organized?
How are state judges selected?

29. State Courts State courts handle:
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State Courts
State courts handle:
Criminal cases, which deal with violations of the law that harm individuals or society.
Attorney’s prosecute violators using the penal code (set of criminal laws).
Civil cases, which deal with disputes between individuals or business and generally involve money or property.

30. State Courts Four types of state courts and their responsibilities:
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State Courts
Four types of state courts and their responsibilities:
Lower courts—handle minor civil cases and misdemeanors; traffic cases, family-relations cases, and small claims
General trial courts—handle major criminal and civil cases
Appeals courts—handle appealed cases from the lower courts
State supreme court—handles appealed cases from the appeals court

31. Section-4
State Courts

32. Section-4
State Courts

33. State Courts Overcrowding in the courts causes problems.
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State Courts
Overcrowding in the courts causes problems.
Calendars are often a year or more behind.
People wait years for settlements.
Jails are overcrowded with accused persons awaiting trial.
Crowding thwarts constitutional guarantee of a speedy trial.

34. State Courts How are state judges selected?
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State Courts
How are state judges selected?
State law determines how judges are selected in each state as well as their term length
Most states has citizens elect state supreme court judges
Others the governor appoints them
Missouri Plan- committee of judges is created, governor appoints judge from list then must face voters in next election.

35. Section-4
State Courts
Question: What are the responsibilities of each of the four types of state courts?

36. Section-4
State Courts
Question: What are the responsibilities of each of the four types of state courts?
Lower Courts:
These courts hear minor cases, including misdemeanors and civil cases involving small amounts of money. They may also handle traffic violations, family disputes, and juvenile cases.
General Trial Courts:
These courts hear major civil and criminal cases. Most involve a jury with a judge presiding.

37. Section-4
State Courts
Question: What are the responsibilities of each of the four types of state courts?
State Supreme Courts:
These courts are the highest court in most states hearing cases on appeal.
Appeals Courts:
These courts hear cases on appeal, deciding if the lower court handled the trial properly and gave the accused the rights guaranteed under the Constitution.

38. Chapter 8 Wrap-Up Wrap-Up
What is the term for the powers granted to state governments, and what are some examples?
How are the rules of state governments organized, and under what rule did they agree to cooperate with each other?
What conditions must be met in order for someone to serve as a state lawmaker?
How can citizens take direct action in legislation and state government?
Who heads the state executive branch, and what does the job require?
Who helps the governor run the state government?
What types of courts exist in most states, and what does each do?
How does the appeals process work?

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