1. Hazardous Wastes CE 326 Principles of Environmental Engineering
February 8, 2010
Tim Ellis, Ph.D., P.E.

2. Announcements
Field trip on Wednesday at the Boone County Landfill (optional since using personal vehicles) – sign up if need or can offer a ride
First exam Friday, February 12th in class

5. Hazardous Wastes
Scope of the Hazardous Waste Problem- __________ per year in U.S. ( world-wide)
Hazardous Wastes Generators: ______
Treatment Storage and Disposal
Facilities (TSDF): ___________
93% of hazardous wastes managed by:
___ TSDF’s
250 M tons
20,000
3,000 60

6. Number of Chemicals – _______
Chemical Products Industry ($125b annually) contributes _____% of hazardous wastes
Number of Chemicals – _______
New Chemicals Manufactured every year: ________
Abandoned Hazardous Wastes
Sites: ____________ 50
70,000
1500
50,000

7. Superfund In 1980 Congress passed the C____________ E_____________
C____________ and
L______
A__
CERCLA - Superfund
omprehensive
nvironmental
esponse
ompensation
iability ct

8. Superfund $1.6b from taxes on c____ o__ & commercial chemicals
every state had to compile a list of hazardous waste sites and submit it to EPA
N_______ P__________ L_____ (NPL)
rude il
ational
riorities
ist

9. Superfund roundwater urface ir
EPA prioritized these sites based on the potential hazard from g__________ (SGW), s________ water (SSW), and a__ exposure (SA):
where SM is the composite score
roundwater
urface ir

10. Superfund There are ____ sites on the list
Only _____ sites have been cleaned up
There are 3 unique things about Superfund
__________________
party can be liable for actions that were previously l______
p________ r___________ p_______
_______________________
anyone who buys p_________ contaminated with hazardous wastes can be liable
only way to avoid liability is to make “a___ a__________ ______” prior to purchase
1300
200
ex post facto
egal
otentially
esponsible
arty
innocent landowner liability
roperty ll
ppropriate
inquiry

11. Superfund ________________________ Joint and Several Liability
liability can be shared between parties or any one party may be liable for entire cleanup
“deep pockets”
EPA only needs to s___ one party
that party must sue other parties to recoup c_____ c_____
Joint and Several Liability ue
leanup
osts

14. dioxin o o Cl Cl Cl Cl somers erbicide esticide azardous gent range
2,3,7,8 TCDD
dioxin
dibenzo -  - dioxin
over twenty different i_________
byproduct of h________/p____________ manufacture
created during incineration of h__________ wastes
contaminant in 2,4-D, a_____ o________ and others
c______________, teratogenic, mutagenic, embryo-toxic in animal studies
b_____________ in fatty tissue
no known link to h_______ e________
somers
erbicide
esticide
azardous
gent
range
arcinogenic
ioaccumulates
uman
ffects

15. polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)Cl
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
3-chlorobiphenyl
over 200 isomers
different c_________ composition (Araclor 1248)
virtually i____________ - useful as transformer fluid (in every transformer: )
toxic effects to e________ workers noted in 1937
environmental contamination realized in 1969
____ pounds produced prior to 1977
led to T______ S_________ C______ A__ of 1976
hlorine
destructible
xposed
1.4 b
oxic
ubstances
ontrol ct

16. What makes a waste hazardous?
Potentially dangerous to human health or the environment
Causes adverse physiological effects
Official EPA definition
On EPA list (it must be discarded to be classified as a waste) or
Exhibits certain characteristics

17. Listed Wastes (Appendix C)
F Wastes
from non-specific sources
e.g. chlorinated solvents
Trichloroethylene
Methylene chloride
K Wastes
from specific sources
e.g. wood preserving wastes (contain creosote and possibly arsenic)

18. Listed Wastes (Appendix C)
P Wastes
off spec products and intermediates
acuteley toxic
e.g. toxaphene
U Wastes
generally toxic
DDT
Paul Muller won Nobel Prize in 1948 for discovery of beneficial properties of DDT

19. DDT Organochlorine By TINA ROSENBERG NY Times April 11, 2004
Above left: With equipment provided by Unicef, a 1960 DDT team prepared to go house to house in Masuleh, Iran. Center: DDT was an insecticide of choice in the United States. Then, in 1962, came Rachel Carson's "Silent Spring." Right: A female mosquito, needing blood to nourish her eggs, sucks away with her probiscus.
By TINA ROSENBERG
NY Times April 11, 2004

20. The Panama Canal ( )
The construction of the Panama Canal was possible only after yellow fever and malaria were controlled.
These diseases were a major cause of death and disease among workers.
In 1906, there were over 26,000 employees working on the Canal.
21,000 were hospitalized for malaria during their work.
By 1912, there were over 50,000 employees, and the number hospitalized decreased to 5,600.
They used an integrated program of insect and malaria control.

21. FIGURE 272-6. Distribution of drug-resistant malaria
FIGURE Distribution of drug-resistant malaria. (From Wongsrichanalai C, Pickard AL, Wernsdorfer WH, Meshnick SR. Epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002,2: Reprinted with permission from Elsevier. The CDC provides up-to-date information on the distribution of malaria and drug resistance at

22. Biomagnification

23. Characteristic Wastes
Ignitibility
Liquid with < 24% alcohol
Has a flash point < 60°C
Capable of spontaneous combustion
Ignitable compressed gas
oxidizer

24. Characteristic Wastes
Corrosivity
Aqueous pH 2 or 12.5
Corrodes steel at a rate of 6.35 mm/y at 55°C

25. Characteristic Wastes
Reactivity
Normally unstable
Reacts violently with water
Forms explosive mixtures with water
Generates toxic vapors
Cyanide or sulfur containing waste

26. Characteristic Wastes
Toxicity (EP Toxicity test)
Liquid extract from acid extraction has to meet the required standard
e.g.:
5.0 mg/L arsenic
0.5 mg/L benzene
0.20 mg/L vinyl chloride

27. EP Toxicity

28. Cradle to Grave
RCRA requires a manifest system to track hazardous wastes from its source of generation to ultimate disposal
Generator required to maintain records and assume responsibility for the waste along the way

29. EPA Uniform Hazardous
Waste Manifest

30. Hazardous Waste Landill