Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition
Chapter 11 Operating Systems Management and Maintenance Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition Chapter 11 Operating Systems Management and Maintenance

Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Explain file system maintenance techniques for different operating systems Perform regular file system maintenance by finding and deleting unused files and folders Perform disk maintenance that includes defragmenting, relocating files and folders, running disk and file repair utilities, and selecting RAID options Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: Explain file system maintenance techniques for different operating systems Perform regular file system maintenance by finding and deleting unused files and folders Perform disk maintenance that includes defragmenting, relocating files and folders, running disk and file repair utilities, and selecting RAID options Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Objectives Explain the types of backups and develop a backup plan
After completing this chapter, you will be able to (cont’d): Explain the types of backups and develop a backup plan Explain how to install software for best performance Tune operating systems for optimal performance Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to (cont’d): Explain the types of backups and develop a backup plan Explain how to install software for best performance Tune operating systems for optimal performance Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

File System Maintenance
A well-planned file structure makes it easy to locate files, update files, share folders and files, back up and archive files, and delete unwanted files Basic rules for creating a file structure: Keep a manageable number of folders in the root folder Keep OS files in the default folders Keep different versions of software in their own folders Keep data files in folders on the basis of their functions File System Maintenance A well-planned file structure makes it easy to locate files, update files, share folders and files, back up and archive files, and delete unwanted files Basic rules for creating a file structure: Keep a manageable number of folders in the root folder Keep OS files in the default folders Keep different versions of software in their own folders Keep data files in folders on the basis of their functions Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Basic rules for creating a file structure (cont’d): Design home folders to match the functions of users Group files with similar security needs within the same folders OS folders are typically placed in the root folder File System Maintenance Basic rules for creating a file structure (cont’d): Design home folders to match the functions of users Group files with similar security needs within the same folders OS folders are typically placed in the root folder Table Essential operating system folders Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Advantages to installing and leaving OS files in default folders: Easier for others to help with computer problems Many software installations expect OS files to be in the default locations In Windows, installed software is tracked in the registry Easier for the OS to assist when software must be uninstalled for upgraded because the OS can quickly identify and find relevant components File System Maintenance Advantages to installing and leaving OS files in default folders: Easier for others to help with computer problems Many software installations expect OS files to be in the default locations In Windows, installed software is tracked in the registry Easier for the OS to assist when software must be uninstalled for upgraded because the OS can quickly identify and find relevant components Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Table Examples of Windows-based application software components Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Table Examples of UNIX/Linux and Mac OS X application software components Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

If different versions of software are still used: Put different versions in different subfolders under a main applications folder Example: in Windows Server you can support different version of Microsoft Word by having a Program Files folder and subfolders called Word2013 and Word2016 Also, Microsoft 64-bit OSs offer the Program Files and Program Files (x86) folders to separate 64-bit and 32-bit applications File System Maintenance If different versions of software are still used: Put different versions in different subfolders under a main applications folder Example: in Windows Server you can support different version of Microsoft Word by having a Program Files folder and subfolders called Word2013 and Word2016 Also, Microsoft 64-bit OSs offer the Program Files and Program Files (x86) folders to separate 64-bit and 32-bit applications Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Finding and Deleting Files
A solid file structure makes it easier to find and delete unneeded files Example: temporary files are often created when running some applications and are sometimes not deleted automatically Temporary Internet files (cookies) are often not deleted automatically It is good practice to implement a regular schedule for finding and deleting unneeded files Finding and Deleting Files A solid file structure makes it easier to find and delete unneeded files Example: temporary files are often created when running some applications and are sometimes not deleted automatically Temporary Internet files (cookies) are often not deleted automatically It is good practice to implement a regular schedule for finding and deleting unneeded files Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Deleting Temporary Files in Windows
In Windows, temporary files are typically located in the /Temp and /Windows/Temp folders Or in users’ home folders Use the Disk Cleanup tool to delete unneeded files In Windows 8 and later versions The Disk Cleanup tool is scheduled to automatically run on the system drive where Windows is installed You should also regularly open the Recycle Bin and delete its files You can also delete these files using the Disk Cleanup tool Deleting Temporary Files in Windows In Windows, temporary files are typically located in the /Temp and /Windows/Temp folders Or in users’ home folders Use the Disk Cleanup tool to delete unneeded files In Windows 8 and later versions The Disk Cleanup tool is scheduled to automatically run on the system drive where Windows is installed You should also regularly open the Recycle Bin and delete its files You can also delete these files using the Disk Cleanup tool Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Deleting Temporary Files in Windows
Figure The Disk Cleanup tool in Windows Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Deleting Files in UNIX/Linux
View UNIX/Linux files by using the ls command Some of the options that can be used with this command: -a lists all files including hidden files -C formats the listing in columns for easier reading -d lists folders -f displays files in an unsorted list -l presents detailed information including permissions and file size -r sorts files in reverse alphabetical order -s displays the size of files (in blocks) Deleting Files in UNIX/Linux View UNIX/Linux files by using the ls command Some of the options that can be used with this command: -a lists all files including hidden files -C formats the listing in columns for easier reading -d lists folders -f displays files in an unsorted list -l presents detailed information including permissions and file size -r sorts files in reverse alphabetical order -s displays the size of files (in blocks) Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

View UNIX/Linux files by using the ls command Some of the options that can be used with this command (cont’d): -S sorts files and folders on the basis of size -t sorts files and folders on the basis of time they were last modified Example: ls –a lists all files including hidden files Deleting Files in UNIX/Linux View UNIX/Linux files by using the ls command Some of the options that can be used with this command (cont’d): -S sorts files and folders on the basis of size -t sorts files and folders on the basis of time they were last modified Example: ls –a lists all files including hidden files Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Files and folders are deleted using the rm command Options for this command: -i for interactive option (asks if you are sure you want to delete) -r for recursive (deletes an entire folder’s contents) Example: rm /home/mjackson/docs *.txt This command will delete all files with a .txt extension in the mjackson directory In the Linux GNOME File tool, you delete a file by finding the file, clicking on it and pressing the delete key on your keyboard Deleting Files in UNIX/Linux Files and folders are deleted using the rm command Options for this command: -i for interactive option (asks if you are sure you want to delete) -r for recursive (deletes an entire folder’s contents) Example: rm /home/mjackson/docs *.txt This command will delete all files with a .txt extension in the mjackson directory In the Linux GNOME File tool, you delete a file by finding the file, clicking on it and pressing the delete key on your keyboard Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

A file can be found by using the find command Options that can be used with this command: -atime for last access time -ctime for last changed time -mtime for last modification time -name for the filename, including the use of wildcard searches -print to print the results of the find -size for file size (in blocks or bytes; with bytes specified by a “c”) -user to find files by ownership Deleting Files in UNIX/Linux A file can be found by using the find command Options that can be used with this command: -atime for last access time -ctime for last changed time -mtime for last modification time -name for the filename, including the use of wildcard searches -print to print the results of the find -size for file size (in blocks or bytes; with bytes specified by a “c”) -user to find files by ownership Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Example: if you are looking for a file called file1 in order to delete it from your home folder, use: find ~ -name file1 Another example: to find a all files in directory/usr that are owned by the user lpadron: find /usr –user lpadron Linux GNOME file tool offers a trash can for deleting files permanently Periodically view the contents of Trash and purge them by clicking Trash in Files and click Empty Deleting Files in UNIX/Linux Example: if you are looking for a file called file1 in order to delete it from your home folder, use: find ~ -name file1 Another example: to find a all files in directory/usr that are owned by the user lpadron: find /usr –user lpadron Linux GNOME file tool offers a trash can for deleting files permanently Periodically view the contents of Trash and purge them by clicking Trash in Files and click Empty Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

UNIX/Linux provides commands to help you assess the allocation of disk space: df – enables you to view information on the basis of the file system du – used to display statistics for a given directory and its subdirectories Deleting Files in UNIX/Linux UNIX/Linux provides commands to help you assess the allocation of disk space: df – enables you to view information on the basis of the file system du – used to display statistics for a given directory and its subdirectories Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Table UNIX/Linux commands for finding and removing files Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Table UNIX/Linux commands for finding and removing files (continued) Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Deleting Files in Mac OS X
Mac OS X is generally effective in automatically cleaning out temporary files However, still important to periodically find and delete unneeded files Mac OS X windows often have a list option that shows files and their sizes Click the List view button in the window to see file sizes Deleting Files in Mac OS X Mac OS X is generally effective in automatically cleaning out temporary files However, still important to periodically find and delete unneeded files Mac OS X windows often have a list option that shows files and their sizes Click the List view button in the window to see file sizes Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Deleting Files in Mac OS X
Figure Viewing file sizes in Mac OS X Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Maintaining Disks It is important to perform disk maintenance in order to maintain the integrity of files and ensure disk performance Important disk maintenance tasks include: Defragmenting disks Moving files to spread the load between multiple disks Using disk utilities to find and repair damaged files Deploying RAID techniques that extend the life of disks and provide disk redundancy Maintaining Disks It is important to perform disk maintenance in order to maintain the integrity of files and ensure disk performance Important disk maintenance tasks include: Defragmenting disks Moving files to spread the load between multiple disks Using disk utilities to find and repair damaged files Deploying RAID techniques that extend the life of disks and provide disk redundancy Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Defragmenting Disks Fragmentation – unused space develops between files and other information written on a disk When an OS is first installed, files are placed contiguously on a disk (little or no unused space between files) As the OS deletes files, creates new files, and modifies files, the unused space between them grows and becomes scattered The greater the fragmentation, the more space is wasted Defragmenting Disks Fragmentation – unused space develops between files and other information written on a disk When an OS is first installed, files are placed contiguously on a disk (little or no unused space between files) As the OS deletes files, creates new files, and modifies files, the unused space between them grows and becomes scattered The greater the fragmentation, the more space is wasted Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Defragmenting Disks Figure 11-3 An unfragmented disk
Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Defragmenting Disks Figure 11-4 An fragmented disk
Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Defragmenting Disks Defragmentation – process of removing empty pockets between files and other information on a hard drive Ways to defragment: Older method is to take a complete backup of a disk’s contents and perform a full restore Some administrators run a surface analysis of a disk before the restore to find damaged disk sectors and tracks Defragmenting Disks Defragmentation – process of removing empty pockets between files and other information on a hard drive Ways to defragment: Older method is to take a complete backup of a disk’s contents and perform a full restore Some administrators run a surface analysis of a disk before the restore to find damaged disk sectors and tracks Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Defragmenting Disks Ways to defragment (cont’d):
Another option is to run a disk defragmentation tool Many OSs come with a built-in tool to defragment disks Some can run in the background as you use your computer Some perform a quick analysis to see if defrag is even needed If disk fragmentation is 20% or less, the disk does not need to be defragmented immediately Defragmenting Disks Ways to defragment (cont’d): Another option is to run a disk defragmentation tool Many OSs come with a built-in tool to defragment disks Some can run in the background as you use your computer Some perform a quick analysis to see if defrag is even needed If disk fragmentation is 20% or less, the disk does not need to be defragmented immediately Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Defragmenting Disks In UNIX/Linux and Mac OS X, file systems are designed to reduce the need for defragmenting OSs first write to a hidden journal, which is loaded to memory and then contents are written to disk in a linear fashion Linear – data is temporarily stored and written all at one time in more contiguous fashion Sequential – data is not stored but written as soon as it is created and therefore written to whatever disk areas are immediately open Defragmentation tools are usually not included with these OSs Defragmenting Disks In UNIX/Linux and Mac OS X, file systems are designed to reduce the need for defragmenting OSs first write to a hidden journal, which is loaded to memory and then contents are written to disk in a linear fashion Linear – data is temporarily stored and written all at one time in more contiguous fashion Sequential – data is not stored but written as soon as it is created and therefore written to whatever disk areas are immediately open Defragmentation tools are usually not included with these OSs Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Moving Disk Files to Spread the Load
A technique that can help extend the life of disk drives is to spread files evenly across disks Usually used in servers Before files are moved, administrators examine disk and file activity to determine how to spread files to achieve even loading Disk activity is monitored in Windows using Task Manager, Resource Monitor, and Performance Monitor For a quick look at current disk utilization, use Resource Monitor Moving Disk Files to Spread the Load A technique that can help extend the life of disk drives is to spread files evenly across disks Usually used in servers Before files are moved, administrators examine disk and file activity to determine how to spread files to achieve even loading Disk activity is monitored in Windows using Task Manager, Resource Monitor, and Performance Monitor For a quick look at current disk utilization, use Resource Monitor Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Moving Disk Files to Spread the Load
Figure Using Resource Monitor to view disk usage Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Using Disk Utilities to Repair Damaged Files
The following utilities enable you to repair damaged files and file links: Disk First Aid in the Mac OS X Disk Utility fsck and p_fsck in UNIX/Linux chkdsk in Windows Using Disk Utilities to Repair Damaged Files The following utilities enable you to repair damaged files and file links: Disk First Aid in the Mac OS X Disk Utility fsck and p_fsck in UNIX/Linux chkdsk in Windows Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Deploying RAID Techniques
RAID - used by server operating systems for three purposes: Increased reliability (providing data recovery when a disk drive fails and extending the useful life of disks) Increased storage capacity Increased speed This section focuses on how RAID is used to extend the life of a set of disks RAID does this using disk striping – technique for spreading data over multiple disk volumes Deploying RAID Techniques RAID - used by server operating systems for three purposes: Increased reliability (providing data recovery when a disk drive fails and extending the useful life of disks) Increased storage capacity Increased speed This section focuses on how RAID is used to extend the life of a set of disks RAID does this using disk striping – technique for spreading data over multiple disk volumes Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Deploying RAID Techniques
Earlier, you were introduced to many levels of RAID Only those that use disk striping distribute the load across multiple disks: RAID 0 and RAID 5 Another RAID level, not discussed earlier, is RAID 10 which provides striping plus mirroring RAID levels 2, 3, and 4 are rarely used because levels 1, 5, and 10 provide better fault tolerance Two ways to deploy RAID: hardware and software Software RAID is slower than hardware RAID Deploying RAID Techniques Earlier, you were introduced to many levels of RAID Only those that use disk striping distribute the load across multiple disks: RAID 0 and RAID 5 Another RAID level, not discussed earlier, is RAID 10 which provides striping plus mirroring RAID levels 2, 3, and 4 are rarely used because levels 1, 5, and 10 provide better fault tolerance Two ways to deploy RAID: hardware and software Software RAID is slower than hardware RAID Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Making Backups Several types of backups:
Binary backup – backs up the disk contents in binary format to create an exact image of the disk contents Simple to perform and includes everything on the disk Disadvantage – cannot restore individual files or directories Full file-by-file backup – all of the disk contents are back up, but as individual directories and files Enables you to restore a single directory or a set of files without restoring the entire disk Making Backups Several types of backups: Binary backup – backs up the disk contents in binary format to create an exact image of the disk contents Simple to perform and includes everything on the disk Disadvantage – cannot restore individual files or directories Full file-by-file backup – all of the disk contents are back up, but as individual directories and files Enables you to restore a single directory or a set of files without restoring the entire disk Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Making Backups Several types of backups (cont’d):
Differential backup – backs up all files that have an archive attribute (indicates that the file needs to be backed up) Incremental backup – backs up all files that have the archive attribute, and removes the attribute from each file after backup Making Backups Several types of backups (cont’d): Differential backup – backs up all files that have an archive attribute (indicates that the file needs to be backed up) Incremental backup – backs up all files that have the archive attribute, and removes the attribute from each file after backup Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Making Backups Basic backup scheme might include:
Full file-by-file backup to tape each Saturday evening and differential backups to tape Monday through Friday The business might also have four sets of tapes that are rotated each week First tape set would be used in week 1 Second tape set would be used in week 2, and so on If one tape set goes bad, there is an option to use one of the tape sets from a previous week to restore, if needed Making Backups Basic backup scheme might include: Full file-by-file backup to tape each Saturday evening and differential backups to tape Monday through Friday The business might also have four sets of tapes that are rotated each week First tape set would be used in week 1 Second tape set would be used in week 2, and so on If one tape set goes bad, there is an option to use one of the tape sets from a previous week to restore, if needed Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Making Backups Basic backup scheme might include (cont’d):
If there was a catastrophic disk failure on Thursday: The business would restore the full backup from the previous Saturday and restore the differential backup from Wednesday night For small server backups, a simple solution is to use the ability of the native backup software to periodically back up new files Mac OS X Time Machine enables you to leave a removable hard drive connected to the computer so it can back up any file changes after they occur Making Backups Basic backup scheme might include (cont’d): If there was a catastrophic disk failure on Thursday: The business would restore the full backup from the previous Saturday and restore the differential backup from Wednesday night For small server backups, a simple solution is to use the ability of the native backup software to periodically back up new files Mac OS X Time Machine enables you to leave a removable hard drive connected to the computer so it can back up any file changes after they occur Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Making Backups When creating a backup strategy:
Determine what information needs to be backed up and how often Use scheduling Choose the right backup media Rotate backup media Store a set of backups in an off-site location Regularly use file repair tools and a virus checker Investigate third-party backup software Making Backups When creating a backup strategy: Determine what information needs to be backed up and how often Use scheduling Choose the right backup media Rotate backup media Store a set of backups in an off-site location Regularly use file repair tools and a virus checker Investigate third-party backup software Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Optimizing Software Installation
Guidelines for software installation: Make sure that the software is compatible with your OS Check the CPU, RAM, disk storage, audio, video, and other requirements to make sure you meet minimum requirements Find out if there are different installation options Use the utilities provided by the OS for installing or uninstalling applications In Windows, there is likely to be a Windows-compatible setup program that comes with the software Optimizing Software Installation Guidelines for software installation: Make sure that the software is compatible with your OS Check the CPU, RAM, disk storage, audio, video, and other requirements to make sure you meet minimum requirements Find out if there are different installation options Use the utilities provided by the OS for installing or uninstalling applications In Windows, there is likely to be a Windows-compatible setup program that comes with the software Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Guidelines for software installation (cont’d): Check the vendor’s “bug” list to make sure there are no bugs that will impact the way you will use the software Make sure the software is well documented and supported by the vendor Determine, in advance, how to back up important files associated with the software Determine whether running the program requires adjustments to page or swap files used by the OS (page/swap files are covered in the next section) Optimizing Software Installation Guidelines for software installation (cont’d): Check the vendor’s “bug” list to make sure there are no bugs that will impact the way you will use the software Make sure the software is well documented and supported by the vendor Determine, in advance, how to back up important files associated with the software Determine whether running the program requires adjustments to page or swap files used by the OS (page/swap files are covered in the next section) Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Guidelines for software installation (cont’d): Find out what temporary files are created by the program Always install the latest versions of components (drivers) Do not mix .inf and driver files between different versions of Windows Always keep service packs and program patches up to date for all software Optimizing Software Installation Guidelines for software installation (cont’d): Find out what temporary files are created by the program Always install the latest versions of components (drivers) Do not mix .inf and driver files between different versions of Windows Always keep service packs and program patches up to date for all software Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Consider the following when installing network server software: Make sure there are enough licenses to match the number of users Determine the network load created by software Consider purchasing management software that can automatically update system-wide software when there is a new release Determine if the software will be used in a cloud, client/server, terminal server/remote desktop services environment or if it will be loaded directly onto server clients Optimizing Software Installation Consider the following when installing network server software: Make sure there are enough licenses to match the number of users Determine the network load created by software Consider purchasing management software that can automatically update system-wide software when there is a new release Determine if the software will be used in a cloud, client/server, terminal server/remote desktop services environment or if it will be loaded directly onto server clients Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Consider the following when installing network server software (cont’d): Determine whether the server or client workstations must be tuned for the software in a particular way For OSs that support two or more file systems, make sure that the software is compatible with the file system used by the OS Optimizing Software Installation Consider the following when installing network server software (cont’d): Determine whether the server or client workstations must be tuned for the software in a particular way For OSs that support two or more file systems, make sure that the software is compatible with the file system used by the OS Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Tuning the Operating System
After an OS is installed, periodic tuning is a must Slow workstations and servers have a cumulative impact on a network Sometimes poor network performance is not a result of network problems or too little bandwidth Could be that workstations and servers cannot keep up with the network Many ways to tune OSs: Tuning virtual memory Installing OS updates and patches Tuning for optimal network communications Tuning the Operating System After an OS is installed, periodic tuning is a must Slow workstations and servers have a cumulative impact on a network Sometimes poor network performance is not a result of network problems or too little bandwidth Could be that workstations and servers cannot keep up with the network Many ways to tune OSs: Tuning virtual memory Installing OS updates and patches Tuning for optimal network communications Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Tuning Virtual Memory Virtual memory – disk storage that is used when there is not enough RAM for a particular operation, or for all processes currently in use OS swaps to disk (VM) the processes and data in RAM that temporarily have a low priority When the OS need to access information on disk, they swap something else to disk – this process is called paging Page file or swap file – specially allocated disk area where information is swapped back and forth from RAM to disk Called swap file system in UNIX/Linux Tuning Virtual Memory Virtual memory – disk storage that is used when there is not enough RAM for a particular operation, or for all processes currently in use OS swaps to disk (VM) the processes and data in RAM that temporarily have a low priority When the OS need to access information on disk, they swap something else to disk – this process is called paging Page file or swap file – specially allocated disk area where information is swapped back and forth from RAM to disk Called swap file system in UNIX/Linux Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Tuning Virtual Memory Virtual memory (in Windows) is adjusted to set an initial starting size and a maximum size to which it can grow The general rule for sizing the page file is to set the initial size to equal 1.5 times the amount of RAM In Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, and later versions The paging file size is configured by default to be automatically managed by Windows Tuning Virtual Memory Virtual memory (in Windows) is adjusted to set an initial starting size and a maximum size to which it can grow The general rule for sizing the page file is to set the initial size to equal 1.5 times the amount of RAM In Windows 8, Windows Server 2012, and later versions The paging file size is configured by default to be automatically managed by Windows Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Tuning Virtual Memory Tuning Virtual Memory Figure Configuring the paging file in Windows Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Tuning Virtual Memory In UNIX/Linux – use the vmstat command-line utility to monitor paging If a swap file system is not already created, you can use the mkfs command in Linux to create it In Mac OS X there is no option for turning on or configuring virtual memory because it is always enabled and monitored by the OS Tuning Virtual Memory In UNIX/Linux – use the vmstat command-line utility to monitor paging If a swap file system is not already created, you can use the mkfs command in Linux to create it In Mac OS X there is no option for turning on or configuring virtual memory because it is always enabled and monitored by the OS Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Installing Operating System Updates and Patches
Installing updates and patches is one of the most important ways to keep your OS tuned You can obtain updates by using the Windows Update utility in all Windows OSs Windows 10 is configured to automatically download and install updates Many Linux distributions with GNOME have a software update tool that allows you to automatically obtain updates Mac OS X uses the App Store to deliver updates Installing Operating System Updates and Patches Installing updates and patches is one of the most important ways to keep your OS tuned You can obtain updates by using the Windows Update utility in all Windows OSs Windows 10 is configured to automatically download and install updates Many Linux distributions with GNOME have a software update tool that allows you to automatically obtain updates Mac OS X uses the App Store to deliver updates Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Figure Windows Update Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Figure Checking for updates on Mac OS X Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Tuning for Network Communications
NIC cards used should be of high quality and designed for use in the computer’s fastest expansion slot You should occasionally check for updated NIC drivers for your network interface card NICs can sometimes saturate the network with repeated packet broadcasts – called a broadcast storm Network traffic should be regularly monitored to make sure no node is creating excessive traffic Tuning for Network Communications NIC cards used should be of high quality and designed for use in the computer’s fastest expansion slot You should occasionally check for updated NIC drivers for your network interface card NICs can sometimes saturate the network with repeated packet broadcasts – called a broadcast storm Network traffic should be regularly monitored to make sure no node is creating excessive traffic Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Testing Network Connectivity
ping utility – used to poll another network device ping displays statistics that include the number of packets sent, received, and lost Also provides the round trip time in milliseconds You can check the utilization of your network connection in Windows using the Performance tab in Task Manager To check utilization of your interface in Linux, you may need to download and install a utility such as netdiag or netwatch Testing Network Connectivity ping utility – used to poll another network device ping displays statistics that include the number of packets sent, received, and lost Also provides the round trip time in milliseconds You can check the utilization of your network connection in Windows using the Performance tab in Task Manager To check utilization of your interface in Linux, you may need to download and install a utility such as netdiag or netwatch Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Figure Checking network interface utilization in Windows Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

On Mac OS X, you can run Activity Monitor and check the Network tab to see what processes are using network bandwidth And to see basic statistics for the number of packets received and sent Testing Network Connectivity On Mac OS X, you can run Activity Monitor and check the Network tab to see what processes are using network bandwidth And to see basic statistics for the number of packets received and sent Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Summary Successful file system maintenance is closely linked to a computer’s folder structure The file structure established on a computer is related to how easy it is to maintain that computer over the long term One important practice for maintaining an OS is to regularly find and delete unused files Use Disk Cleanup tool in Windows, the find, ls, and rm commands in Linux, and the Find utility in Mac OS X to find and delete unused files Summary Successful file system maintenance is closely linked to a computer’s folder structure The file structure established on a computer is related to how easy it is to maintain that computer over the long term One important practice for maintaining an OS is to regularly find and delete unused files Use Disk Cleanup tool in Windows, the find, ls, and rm commands in Linux, and the Find utility in Mac OS X to find and delete unused files Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

Summary Other ways to maintain disks include defragmenting disks, moving files to relatively unused disks, finding and repairing disk problems, and setting up RAID An important part of maintaining a system is to make regular backups An important consideration for optimizing software installations is to make sure the software is compatible with computer hardware and OS Summary Other ways to maintain disks include defragmenting disks, moving files to relatively unused disks, finding and repairing disk problems, and setting up RAID An important part of maintaining a system is to make regular backups An important consideration for optimizing software installations is to make sure the software is compatible with computer hardware and OS Guide to Operating Systems, 5th Edition

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