1. Origins of the Cold War
“Germany is finished. The real problem is Russia. I can’t get the Americans to see it…”
-Winston Churchill, 1944

2. Yalta February, 1945 Discussions: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill
Meeting to discuss post-war plans.
Discussions:
Germany divided into four zones.
German reparations?
Soviets join war in Japan?
Soviets will get two Japanese islands for joining war.
Will Poland exist?

3. United Nations
One thing that all of the participants in Yalta agreed upon was the need for a newer, updated version of the League of Nations…
Delegates from 50 nations meet in San Francisco, April 1945.
Agree to end disputes peacefully, promote justice and cooperation in solving international problems.
Security Council
11 Members
USA, USSR, GB, France, China permanent.

4. Potsdam Conference July 1945 Stalin, Truman, Attlee
Nazi criminals to be tried at Nuremburg.
Problems from Yalta not solved.
Both sides dig in.

5. Origins of US-Soviet Tensions
USA
Democratic values
Capitalism!
“Red Scare”
Soviet Union
Totalitarian Dictatorship
Communism! VS
The two were allied by a common enemy: Germany. Once Germany was defeated, tensions increased…

6. Conflicting Postwar Goals…
USA
Fought for the spread of democracy.
Free markets would be good for US economy.
USSR
Lost 20 million people in WWII!
Lost infrastructure!
Want to create… Satellite Nations
Why?
Buffer zone
Spread communism

7. The Iron Curtain
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent… This is certainly not the liberated Europe that we fought to build up. Nor is it one which contains the essential of permanent peace…”

8. The Iron Curtain Albania, Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Hungary Romania
Anti-communist leaders silenced during their “elections” in 1945, 1949.
Czechoslovakia
Communists defeated in Communists replace police with party members, rig elections in 1948.
Hungary
Soviets took control of police, rigged 1947 elections.
Romania
1945, Soviets force king to name a communist prime minister.
East Germany
Soviets occupied East Germany, installed brutal totalitarian regime to keep Germany weak.

9. Containment Eastern Europe already lost to Communism.
Don’t let it spread!
Communism will die out by itself.
“US policies… must be that of long-term, patient but firm, vigilant containment of Russian expansionist tendencies.”
1946, George Kennan, US diplomat to Moscow, coins term

10. The Truman Doctrine The situation:
“It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation (conquest) by… outside pressures.”
The Truman Doctrine
The situation:
Soviets threatening Turkey (border dispute), Greece (civil war).
1947 Brits announce they can no longer give aid.
Truman makes speech during debates in Congress on funding…
Is Truman’s speech still relevant today? Why or why not?

11. The Marshall Plan Europe was devastated economically by WWII.
21 million homeless in Europe!
Will this make them more or less likely to turn to communism?
Marshall Plan
Written by Sect. of State, George C. Marshall
Formally known as “European Economic Recovery Program”
17 Western European countries receive financial grants and loans to rebuild their economies.

12. Marshall Plan

13. Cold War Review
What was the Truman Doctrine? What evidence is there of this policy still in American actions today?
What was the Marshall Plan? Why was it necessary?

14. The Division of Berlin After WWII, Germany was divided into 4 zones.
FR, GB, US, USSR
Berlin was also divided.
Re-unified Germany?
1948, the US, FR, and GB were ready to reunite Germany.
Soviet Union refuses.
1949 – US, French, and GB sections become “West Germany.”
Democratic gov’t.
Later, USSR’s section becomes “East Germany”
Communist.

15. Berlin Airlift
Stalin upset, wants to “protest” creation of West Germany.
Blockades Berlin.
Cuts off roads, rail lines.
Truman’s Dilemma
Why not use force?
Solution: An airlift of supplies

16. Berlin Airlift - Pictures

18. The Berlin Wall
The Legacy of the Berlin Conflict…

19. NATO / Warsaw Pact Collective Security NATO Warsaw Pact
“An attack on one is an attack on all…”
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Western European nations were concerned about a Soviet attack.
Didn’t trust UN because of Soviet’s veto power on the Security Council.
Formed in 1949.
Warsaw Pact
Soviet military alliance of its satellite nations in Eastern Europe.

20. NATO/ WARSAW PACT