1. The Arab Spring

2. What is the Arab Spring
Revolutionary wave (demonstrations, protests, Riots, Civil Wars) in the Arab World that began in Dec
Spread throughout the countries of the Arab League
Initial wave ended by Mid-2012

3. Location of Arab Spring
Tunisia
Yemen
Algeria
Kuwait
Sudan
*Saudi Arabia
*Western Sahara
Egypt
Bahrain
Iraq
Morocco
*Mauritania
*Djibouti
Libya
Syria
Jordan
Israel
*Oman
*Palestine
* Countries with minor disputes.

4. Causes of Arab Spring
Dissatisfaction with the rule of local governments
Extreme Poverty
Large Percentage of Educated but Dissatisfied Youth in the Population
Dictatorship or Absolute Monarchy
Human Rights Violations
Political Corruption
Economic Decline
Unemployment

5. Tunisia Began: Dec. 18, 2010 Government Overthrown on Jan. 14, 2011
Situation: Government Overthrow
Death Toll: 338
Outcome: Government Overthrown (Leader Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Flees into exile in Saudi Arabia)

6. Algeria Began: Dec. 29, 2010 Ended: Jan. 2012
Situation: Major Protests
Death Toll: 8
Outcome: Lifting the 19-year-old state of emergency

7. Jordan Began: Jan. 14, 2011 Status: Ended
Situation: Protests and Governmental Change
Death Toll: 3
Outcome: King Abdullah II dismisses 2 Prime Ministers, Appoints a new one, Oct Dissolves parliament and appoints another new Prime Minister

8. Oman Began: Jan. 17, 2011 Ended: May 2011
Situation: Protests and Governmental Changes
Death Toll: 2-6
Outcome: Economic concessions by Sultan, Dismissal of ministers, lawmaking powers given to elected legislature

9. Egypt
Began: Jan. 25, 2011
Ended: ?? (Feb & July 2013) Ongoing Violence
Situation: Two Governments Overthrown
Death Toll: 4,300+
Outcome: It’s a Mess!
Overthrow of Hosni Mubarak (later sentenced to life in prison for ordering the killing of protesters)
Islamist-backed constitution set up by Muslim Brotherhood & Mohamed Morsi
Morsi removed by military coup after months of protests
Crackdown on Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamists (Senior Islamist figures have been arrested, court bans all Muslim Brotherhood activities and confiscates assets, sentencing to death of hundred of Muslim Brotherhood supporters
Ongoing Islamist unrest
Egyptian Armed Forces launch anti-terror military operations in Sinai

10. Yemen
Began: Jan. 27, 2011
Ended: ?? (Feb & Jan. 2015) Ongoing Violence
Situation: Two Governments Overthrown
Death Toll: 2,000+
Outcome:
Overthrow Ali Abdullah Saleh (Granted immunity from Prosecution)
Resignation of Prime Minister & ruling Party
Occupation of Yemini territory by al-Qaeda and Houthi Rebels
Presidental Election of Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi – Overthrwon by Houthi rebels on Jan. 22, 2015

11. Djibouti & Somalia Began: Jan. 28, 2011 Ended: March 2011
Situation: Minor Protests
Death Toll: 2 (Djibouti)

12. Sudan Began: Jan. 30, 2011 Ended: No (Ongoing)
Situation: Major Protests
Death Toll: 200+
Outcome: President Bashir announces he will not seek another term in 2015, but is chosen as Ruling Party candidate for the election.

13. Iraq Began: Dec. 23, 2012 Ended: Jan. 2014
Situation: Civil War & Governmental Changes
Death Toll: 250+
Outcome: Prime Minister announces he will not seek a 3rd Term; resignation of provincial governors and local authorities; wage increase for Sahwa militia members; 3,000 prisoners released; ISIS launches offensives in northern Iraq; U.S & Iran enter war on the side of the government to defeat ISIS.

14. Bahrain Began: Feb. 14, 2011 Ended: Ongoing
Situation: Sustained Civil Disorder and Government Changes
Death Toll: 120
Outcomes: Release of political prisoners, negotiations with Shia representatives, Head of National security removed from post

15. Libya Began: Feb. 17, 2011 Ended: Aug. 23, 2011
Situation: Government Overthrown
Death Toll: 25,00-30,000+
Outcome: Overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi (killed by rebel forces); Govt. defeated by armed revolt w/ UN-mandated military intervention; Elections for General National Congress; Electoral defeat, return of civil strife to Libya; evacuations of various diplomatic missions; Second Civil war; Islamist armed groups take control of Benghazi & Tripoli international Airport; Fighting continues with Islamist Militias

16. Kuwait Began: Feb. 19, 2011 Ended: Dec. 2012
Situation: Protests & Governmental Changes
Death Toll: 0
Outcome: Resignation of Prime Minister; Dissolution of the Parliament

17. Morocco Began: Feb. 20, 2011 Ended: Mar. – Apr. 2012
Situation: Protest and Governmental Changes
Death Toll: 6
Outcome: Political concessions by King Mohammad VI; referendum on constitutional reforms; respect to civil rights and an end to corruption

18. Mauritania Began: Feb. 25, 2011 Ended Situation: Minor Protests
Death Toll: 3

19. Lebanon Began: Feb. 27, 2011 Ended: Dec. 2011
Situation: Protests and Governmental Changes\
Death Toll: 0

20. Saudi Arabia Began: Mar. 11, 2011 Ended Situation: Minor Protests
Death Toll: 24
Outcomes: Economic Concessions by King Abdullah; Male-only Municipal Elections held in 2011; King announces Women’s approval to vote and by elected and nominated to the Shura Council in 2015

21. Syria Began: Mar. 15, 2011 Ended: Ongoing Situation: Ongoing Civil War
Resignations from Parliament
Ended: Ongoing
Large defections from Army
Formation of Free Syrian Army
Situation: Ongoing Civil War
Free Army takes control of large swathes of land
Death Toll: 191,000+
Battles between Syrian government’s army & the Free Syrian Army
Outcome:
Formation of Syrian National Council
Release of some political Prisoners
Syria suspended from the Arab League
Dismissal of Provincial Governors
Several countries recognize Syrian Government in exile
Resignation of the Government
End of Emergency Law
Kurdish fighters enter the war by mid-2013

22. Iranian Khuzestan Began: Apr. 15, 2011 Ended: Apr. 18, 2011
Situation: Major Protests
Death Toll: 12

23. Israel Began: May 15, 2011 Ended: Jun. 5, 2011
Situation: Major Protests
Death Toll: 67
Outcomes: Arab Demonstrations on the borders of Israel

24. Palestine Began: Sept. 4, 2012 Ended Situation: Minor Protests
Death Toll: 0
Prime Minister resigns

25. Arab Spring Totals
Death Toll: 223, ,339+ (International Estimate, Ongoing, >80% in Syria)
Governments Overthrown: 6 (Egypt & Yemen Twice)
Minor Protests: 5
Major Protests: 5
Civil Disorder leading to Governmental Change: 1
Civil Wars: 2

26. What caused Arab Spring to Diffuse?

27. Social Media

28. Influence of Social Media

33. Why Did Social Media work?

34. Uses of Social Media Evade detection of protest activity. Spread Ideas
Recruit New Members
Video the progress of the movement
Organize events

35. Facebook
Allows like-minded individuals to form groups and plan protest.
Event pages can be created that allow invited members to set a location and time for a protest to take place.
Videos can be tagged and shared.

36. Twitter Allows for instant updates to a mass audience.
Able to write quickly and clearly from 140 character limit.
Smart phones allow users to access Twitter at any place and any time.

37. YouTube
Allows uses to post events, injustices, and protests immediately.
More stimulating than Facebook & Twitter due to visuals.

38. What Social Media had the most impact?

39. Take a Look at Social Media
#Yemen
#Syria
#arabspring

40. Lasting Impact 6 Governmental Overhauls Many Government Changes
Continued Fighting in the Arab Countries
Others Using Social Media to their Advantage (Occupy Wall Street; Protests again Law Enforcement)