1. Intro to Localisation of function in the brain
Aim:
Recap Nervous System &
How are functions of the brain localised?

2. Homework due today: Brain key words

3. Draw something

4. Use your notes to answer this question.
Practice Question: As an impulse travels across an axon, the impulse activates vesicles at the pre-synaptic nerve. Describe the process of an impulse travelling across a synapse. (4 marks)
Easier:
Use your notes to answer this question.
Challenging:
Read through your notes, commit to memory and answer without any support.

5. Broken Brains New topic: Localisation of function
As you watch the video, answer the questions on your sheet

6. Key Terms Holistic theory of the brain:
The theory that all part of the brain were involved in all thought processing and action
Localisation of function of the brain:
During the 19th century it was discovered that specific areas of the brain are associated with particular physical and psychological functions
How would they have found this out in the 19th century??

7. Application task: Broken Brains
Localisation of function is the idea that different parts of the brain have different functions.
How do we know?
Working as a pair, work out 3 pieces of evidence (using the broken brains video) that support this theory.

8. Hemispheres
The brain has two hemispheres, left and right, each are responsible for specific functions
Lateralisation: the dominance of one hemisphere of the brain for particular physical and psychological functions e.g. language areas are only found on the left side

9. Application task: Hemispheres
Write notes on the functions of opposite sides of the brain.
When is each side of the brain used in day-to-day life? Give 3 examples for each side
E.g. Left side: calculating and using money

10. Localisation of function in the brain: Lesson 2
Aim:
How are functions of the brain localised?

11. The human brain can be viewed as being formed of three concentric layers:
The central core: involuntary behaviours includes hypothalamus
The limbic system: around the central core, controls emotions, memory
The cerebrum: higher intellectual processes

12. The cerebrum
It has an outermost layer known as the cerebral cortex; appears grey because of the location of cell bodies (hence “grey-matter”).
Each of our sensory systems sends messages to and from this cerebral cortex.
The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres with a bundle of fibres

14. TASK: Brain diagram
1. Mark out (with colour) sections to show: Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe
2. For each of the following areas (a) label where they are found, (b) explain what do they do, (c) explain any further info
Motor area
Somatosensory area
Visual area
Auditory area
Broca’s area
Wernicke’s area

15. Brain diagram:

16. Brain diagram
Located in the parietal lobe: responds to heat, cold, touch, pain and our sense of body movement.
Located in the frontal lobe: responsible for controlling voluntary movements; left hand side controlled by right hemisphere and vice versa. Damage to this area results in impaired movements
Located in the occipital lobe: primary function is vision
Located in the temporal lobe: responsible for analysis of speech-based information.

17. Summary questions
Why is ‘localisation theory’ of the brain accepted over ‘holistic theory’ of the brain? (2 marks)
Explain how the central core differs from the cerebrum. (2 marks)
If someone has problems in the following areas, which part of the lobe and area of the brain is likely to be effected and why?
(a) feeling the difference between wet and dry
(b) partial blindness
(c) speaking words that do not make sense
(d) speaking few words, slowly
(8 marks)

18. Curious Case of Phineas Gage

19. Case Report: Curious Case of Phineas Gage
Events: (what happened, when, why, how?) Findings: (what was the result?) Conclusions: (what did this suggest?) Evaluation: (why is it difficult to draw general conclusions from Phineas Gage?)

20. Localisation: Practice and Recap
Aims:
To practice a question on localisation
Complete knowledge test
Revise parts we’re unsure about

21. Evaluation For each point Is it a strength or a weakness?
What does it suggest?

22. “Functions of the brain are localised”
Outline: Explain at least 4 ways in which functions of the brain are localised.
Evaluate: Give four evaluation points, say why they prove/disprove localisation, and why it matters.
“Functions of the brain are localised”
Discuss
(8 marks)

23. Kahoot.it

24. Knowledge test

25. Knowledge Test: Nervous System and Localisation ANSWERS
Pituitary and Adrenal Medulla
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Sensory > Relay/Connector > Motor
Excitation increases the positive charge, inhabitation increases the negative charge. OR Excitation increases the likelihood the next neuron will fire an impulse, inhibition decreases the likelihood.
To pass across the synaptic gap and activate the next neuron.
It is brought back in to the pre-synaptic cell through re-uptake, and enzymes may break it down at the gap.

26. 7. Holistic
8. Localisation
9. Higher intellectual processes
10. A: Frontal, B: Parietal, C: Occipital, D: Temporal
11. Give the function of each of the following:
Motor area: voluntary movement
Somatosensory area: senses e.g. pain, touch
Visual area: processing sight
Auditory area: speech, sound
Broca’s area: speech production
Wernicke’s area: language comprehension
12. Functions of the brain are localised, because after damage to his frontal lobe, a particular function was effected.

27. The Biological Approach
Structure of the Nervous System
Nerve Impulses
Endocrine System

28. Outlining Localisation Evaluating Localisation
Key Points
(include the different lobes and areas)
Key Points
(include 6 evaluation points with evidence from studies)
Tip: Write the points that you found hard to remember/understand in a different colour – these are what you need to focus on!

29. Other slides

30. More on split brain research later!

32. Essay question
Discuss the extent to which brain functions are localised. Refer to evidence in your answer [16 marks]
Systematic research from Wernicke and Broca onwards has demonstrated that in most people language centres are lateralised to the left hemisphere
Wernicke’s area seems to be responsible for the interpretation of speech – damage leads to receptive or sensory aphasia
Broca’s area was thought to be responsible for the production of speech this is now thought to involve a wider network than just Broca’s area – damage leads to production (expressive) or motor aphasia
Use of research evidence to support explanation
Problems associated with different types of research evidence