1. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation

2. Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation

3. REDD+ National Strategies and Action Plans (NS/AP)

4. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation
What are drivers?
Processes that result in deforestation and forest degradation.
Direct drivers, (‘proximate causes’), human activities or immediate actions that directly impact forest cover and loss of carbon
Indirect drivers, (‘underlying causes’ or ‘driving forces’), complex interactions of fundamental social, economic, political, cultural and technological processes.

5. Examples of direct drivers
Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Examples of direct drivers
Deforestation:
subsistence and large- and small-scale commercial agriculture
mining
infrastructure development and urban expansion
Forest degradation:
legal and illegal timber extraction
forest fires
livestock grazing in forests
fuelwood collection and charcoal production, long-fallow shifting cultivation

6. Examples of indirect drivers
Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Examples of indirect drivers
International level:
markets, commodity prices, exchanges
National level:
population growth
domestic markets
national policies, fiscal incentives and subsidies
weak governance and institutions
poor cross-sectoral coordination
poverty
Local level:
change in household behaviour
And many more …

7. Apparent deforestation drivers by region
Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Apparent deforestation drivers by region

8. Apparent degradation drivers by region
Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Apparent degradation drivers by region

9. What about the future? Global population increase
Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation
What about the future?
Global population increase
Economic growth patterns
Demand for agricultural commodities
Demand for products
Use of fuel wood and charcoal

10. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Defradation
Why analyse drivers?
Several UNFCCC decisions refer to drivers, developing countries are required to:
Decision 4/CP.15: identify drivers of deforestation and forest degradation (DDFD)
Decision 1/CP.16: address these drivers in their national strategies or action plans
Decision 15/CP.19: ensure that the response to drivers are adapted to national circumstances

11. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Why analyse drivers?
Effectively engage key stakeholders, especially non-forest sectors (in many countries the main drivers)
Define priorities for forest monitoring and MRV
Justify national circumstances for adjusting reference emission levels
Construct scenarios that may deviate from historical trends
Design results-based actions that generate results-based payments

12. Comparing and prioritising drivers
Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation
Comparing and prioritising drivers
Four key indicators to support comparison:
The amount of deforestation for one unit
Benefits (social/economic/environmental) of one unit
Costs (social/economic/environmental) of one unit of driver
Access to REDD-compatible alternatives: e.g. smart or certified agriculture

13. Drivers of Deforestation and Forest Degradation:
materials for group
exercises

14. REDD+ National Strategies and Action Plans What do they contain?
No specific guidance on content, but should address:
Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation
Land tenure issues
Forest governance issues
Gender considerations
Safeguards
Full and effective participation of relevant stakeholders, inter alia, indigenous peoples and local communities

15. Questions guiding the design process
REDD+ National Strategies and Action Plans
Questions guiding the design process
Why?
Development context and objectives of the country?
Deforestation context (trends and related drivers)
Country vision for REDD+?
What?
Policies & Measures (reforms & RBAs) considered by the country towards results
How do they build on, supplement or change existing P&Ms?
How?
Piloted/coordinated, funded, implemented, monitored
Through credible, pragmatic & efficient institutional, financial & legal arrangements

16. Key messages related to NS-AP
NS/APs describe how emissions will be reduced and/o r how forest carbon stocks will be enhanced, conserved and/or sustainably managed in the implementation of REDD+;
NS/APs are one of the four design elements required by the UNFCCC for REDD+ implementation and to access Results-Based Payments;
Ensuring the quality of both the NS/AP design process and NS/AP document is essential, as it is an opportunity to:
Build trust and support from national & international stakeholders;
Give confidence in a country’s capacity to deliver REDD+ results to receive results-based payments;
Maximize chances to attract financial support for the implementation of the NS/AP;
Contribute to a well coordinated and more efficient readiness process.
Strategic choices made on each of the four Cancun design elements of REDD+ (NS/AP, FREL/FRL, NFMS, SIS) may have strong implications for the others ,ensuring regular communication and feedback loops in their development and during their implementation is therefore critical; and
Developing a NS/AP is an iterative, step-wise process.

17. Shaping the vision for REDD+ in the country
REDD+ National Strategies and Action Plans
Shaping the vision for REDD+ in the country

18. REDD+ National Strategies and Action Plans
Analysing options and prioritising activities to implement Policies & Measures (PAMs)
Factors which could influence the decision:
The mitigation potential of the REDD+ activities in their national context;
Potential social and environmental benefits and risks;
The ability of the NFMS to measure the outcome of the overall package of PAMs;
The ability to monitor the implementation and, as relevant, the outcome of individual PAMs (e.g. regeneration);
The capacity (at national and subnational levels) to implement PAMs effectively and efficiently;
The likely costs and benefits of the PAMs (incl. non-carbon benefits), as well as potential risks;
Alignment with national (and/or subnational) development priorities and plans;
Political acceptability and/or support for particular actions;
The nature and scope of existing REDD-relevant PAMs, including existing forest-sector policies and plans; and
Potential for (national/bilateral/multilateral) funding for PAMs implementation.
Etc.

19. What are policies and measures?
Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation
What are policies and measures?
PAMs - actions or interventions taken to support REDD+ activities (reducing emissions, conservation, sustainable management and enhancement)
Central part of the NSAP: answering the “why”
Anchored in the drivers and barriers analysis
Set of policies, laws, regulations, practices, programmes, incentive systems…
Can be direct or enabling

20. Illustrations of policies and measures?
Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation
Illustrations of policies and measures?
Funding of fire prevention programmes
Implementation of sustainable biomass energy programmes
Strengthening of protected area networks and improved management (including community-based management)
Support to / enhance community forestry
Strengthening of forest law enforcement combined with improved forest monitoring
Removal of subsidies for deforestation and forest degradation and/or land clearance taxation (fiscal framework)
Incentivizing agroforestry or plantations as alternate sources of wood with payments for environmental services or easy access to land title
Etc.

21. Dimensions to consider
Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation
Dimensions to consider
Criteria for prioritizing PAMs
Scope and Scale
Funding opportunities (REDD+ or not)
National Priorities
Policy coherence
Cost effectiveness
Existing PAMs
Social economic, political and governance barriers/opp.s
Non-carbon/multiple benefits
Carbon benefits
Capacity to monitor
Availability of data

22. Policies and Measures for REDD+ Implementation
Issues to consider
PAMS should evolve in parallel with development of safeguards systems
Cross-sectorial and multi-stakeholders process, with various related challenges
Political implications
Scale of implementation and multiple levels of governance
Identifying sources of finance to implement PAMs
Monitoring system for PAMs implementation

23. Group exercice: Guiding questions
REDD+ National Strategies and Action Plans
Group exercice: Guiding questions
What are the main development objectives of the country, and how they relate to forests: National development plan, National Climate Change strategy, INDC, Sectoral plans (i.e. mining, agriculture)
The aim of this activity is to answer the question “Why?”, as presented.
Divide the group into country groups.
Ask each group to consider the question, “Why implement REDD+?”. Show the slide with the prompt questions.
Allow each group 20 minutes to develop some answers to the three questions, and to write these on a flipchart paper.
Ask each group to stick up their flipchart paper on the wall.
Ask everyone to walk around the room looking at the answers given by other countries. Allow about 5/10 minutes for this.
Ask participants if there are any general messages coming out of what each country has written. Manage a discussion about such issues.
Summarise key points which emerge before moving on.

24. Group exercice: Guiding questions
2. Propose a 2 min pitch to explain if and why taking measures to protect forests is important for Suriname’s national development (and SDGs?):
For the President,
For a national newspaper,
For the mining sector,

25. Group exercice: Guiding questions
3. Identify the sources and type of funds (international, national, private, grants, loans, bonds, etc) and potential amounts to finance REDD+ policies and measures identified in the R-PP.

26. Group exercice: Guiding questions
1. What are the main development objectives of the country, and how they relate to forests: National development plan, National Climate Change strategy, INDC, Sectoral plans (i.e. mining, agriculture)
2. Propose a 2 min pitch to explain if and why taking measures to protect forests is important for Suriname’s national development (and SDGs?):
For the President,
For a national newspaper,
For the mining sector,
3. Identify the sources and type of funds (international, national, private, grants, loans, bonds, etc) and potential amounts to finance REDD+ policies and measures identified in the R-PP.

27. Thank you!