1. Energy (TKK-2129) Instructor: Rama Oktavian; Dr. Rizka Zulhijah
16/17 Semester genap
Energy (TKK-2129)
Instructor: Rama Oktavian; Dr. Rizka Zulhijah
Office Hr.: M. 10 – 12, T. 10 – 12, W. 09 – 10, F.10 – 15

2. Outlines 1. Natural gas: Intro and sources 2. Natural gas: Properties
3. Natural gas: Exploration
4. Natural gas processing (overview)

3. Natural gas: Intro Gas obtained from natural underground reservoir
What is Natural Gas?
Gas obtained from natural underground reservoir
Contains mostly methane (CH4)
Usually contains some impurities such as H2S and CO2
As one of primary energy sources in Indonesia

4. Natural gas: Intro
What is Natural Gas?

5. Natural gas: Intro What is Natural Gas?

6. Natural gas: Intro Pollution comparison

7. Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas reserves

8. Natural gas: Intro Natural gas production

9. Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas reserves in Indonesia

10. Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas production in Indonesia

11. Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas consumption in Indonesia

12. Natural gas: Intro

13. Natural gas: Intro

14. Natural gas: Intro Natural gas industry in Indonesia
The largest of these are found in: 1. Arun, Aceh (Sumatra)
2. Bontang (East Kalimantan) 3. Tangguh (Papua) 4. Natuna Island

15. Natural gas: Intro KILANG LNG (42,09 MMTPA) KILANG LPG (4,12 MMTPA)
PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO)
UP IV CILACAP
KAPASITAS : 318 MTPA
PT. YUDHISTIRA HAKA P.
CILAMAYA, JABAR
KAPASITAS : 44 MTPA
* Hak Pengelolaan Sementara
PT. YUDISTIRA ENERGY
PONDOK TENGAH
KAPASITAS 50 MTPA
PT. ARUN
ARUN
KAPASITAS : 12,85 MMTPA
PT. MARUTA BUMI PRIMA
LANGKAT
KAPASITAS : 17 MTPA
UP II DUMAI
KAPASITAS : 68 MTPA
PETROCHINA
TJ. JABUNG
KAPASITAS : 600 MTPA
PT. MEDCO LPG KAJI
KAJI
KAPASITAS : 73 MTPA
PT. TITS SAMPURNA
PRABUMULIH
PT. SURYA ESA PERKASA
LEMBAK
KAPASITAS : 46 MTPA
UP VI BALONGAN DAN MUNDU
KAPASITAS : 584 MTPA
PT. SUMBER DAYA KELOLA
TUGU BARAT
KAPASITAS : 7 MTPA
PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO)*
TAMBUN
KAPASITAS : 55 MTPA
PT. BADAK
BONTANG
KAPASITAS LNG: 21,64 MMTPA
KAPASITAS LPG: 1 MMTPA
CHEVRON
TJ. SANTAN
KAPASITAS : 90 MMTPA
UP V BALIKPAPAN
KAPASITAS : 91 MTPA
ARAR
KAPASITAS : 14 MTPA
KILANG LNG (42,09 MMTPA)
KILANG LPG (4,12 MMTPA)
RENCANA PEMBANGUNAN
UP III MUSI
KAPASITAS : 131 MTPA BP
TANGGUH
KAPASITAS : 7,6 MMTPA
PT. MEDIA KARYA SENTOSA
GRESIK, JATIM
KAPASITAS : 58 MTPA
PT. WAHANA INSANNUGRAHA
CEMARA, JABAR
KAPASITAS : 37 MTPA
PT. TUBAN LPG INDONESIA
TUBAN
PT. GASUMA FEDERAL INDONESIA
KAPASITAS : 22 MTPA
HESS
UJUNG PANGKAH, JATIM
KAPASITAS : 113 MTPA
PT. E1 PERTAGAS
SUNGAI GERONG
KAPASITAS 259 MTPA
CONOCO PHILLIPS
BELANAK
KAPASITAS : 525 MTPA
UP I PANGKALAN BRANDAN

16. Natural gas: Intro Natural gas based on its source
Conventional natural gas is usually obtained from Deep reservoir
Natural gas usually presents in crude oil (Associated gas)
Natural gas in reservoirs that contain little or no crude oil (Non-associated gas)
Associated gas is produced with the oil and separated at the casinghead or wellhead
Non-associated gas is sometimes referred to as gas-wellgas or dry gas

17. Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas based on its source

18. Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas compositions

19. Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas compositions

20. Natural gas: Intro Natural gas product specification
The composition of natural gas varies considerably from location to location
Natural gas product specification includes:
- Wobbe number,
- heating value,
- total inerts,
- water,
- oxygen,
and sulfur content.
The first two criteria relate to combustion characteristics.
The latter three provide protection from pipeline plugging and corrosion

21. Natural gas: Intro Natural gas properties
Colorless, odorless, tasteless, shapeless, and lighter than air

22. Natural gas: Intro Natural gas properties Specific gravity
For gas mixtures:
Compressibility factor
Z can be function of Pr and Tr

23. Natural gas: Intro Natural gas properties
Compressibility factor can be function of Pr and Tr

24. Natural gas: Intro
Compressibility factor can be function of Pr and Tr

25. Natural gas: Intro
Natural gas product specification

26. Natural gas: Intro Liquid product specification
As with gases, specifications for liquid products are based upon both composition and performance criteria
the performance specifications include Reid vapor pressure, water, oxygen, H2S, and total sulfur content
Safety considerations make vapor pressure especially important for the liquid products because of regulations for shipping and storage containers

27. Natural gas: Intro
Liquid product specification

28. Natural gas: Properties
Combustion characteristics
Pipeline gas is normally bought and sold (custody transfer) on the basis of its heating value, ex: MMBtu/cuft
Heating value: the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it
the heating value of a fuel involves two arbitrary but con-ventional standard states for the water formed in the reaction:
All the water formed is a liquid (gross heating value, frequently called higher heating value [HHV]) – including latent heat of vaporization
All the water formed is a gas (net heating value, frequently called lower heating value [LHV])
the heating value is normally calculated at 60°F and 1 atm (15.6°C and 1.01 atm), standard conditions for the gas industry

29. Natural gas: Properties
Wobbe Number
defined as the gross heating value (Btu/scf) of the gas divided by the square root of the specific gravity (the ratio of the density of the gas divided by the density of air

30. Natural gas: Exploration
Photo courtesy of OSHA

31. Natural gas: Exploration
Reprint permitted by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists

32. Natural gas: Exploration
Reprint permitted by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists

33. Natural gas: Exploration
Christmas
Tree
Pipeline to Flow Process and Storage
Surface Casing
Intermediate Casing
Production Casing
Completion
Fluid
Cement
Packer
Tubing
Well
Fluids
Oil or Gas Zone
Perforations
Reprint permitted by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists

34. Natural gas processing

35. Natural gas processing

36. Natural gas processing
LNG Processing (CO2 removal)
CO2 concentration in natural gas is high
It will freeze below -160 C, it will block the flow
The most commonly method is absorption
Widely used absorbents :
K2CO3 aqueous solutions
MEA,DEA,TEA aqueous solutions
Recent update?

37. Natural gas processing
LNG Processing (H2O removal)
The presence of H2O can affect the LNG quality (combustion properties)
It will freeze below -160 C, it will change its state to solid and form gas hydrate, thus it will block the flow
The most commonly method is absorption and adsorption
Widely used absorbents : ethylene glycol
Widely used adsorbents : silica gel, molecular sieve

38. Natural gas processing
Fractionation
1. Methane separation (C1)
- Using SCRUB COLUMN (De-Methanizer).
- To produce C1 as feed for LNG processing.
2. Ethane separation (C2)
- Using DE-ETHANIZER column
- To produce C2 as MAKE-UP MCR REFRIGERANT
3. Propane separation(C3)
- Using DE-PROPANIZER column
- To produce propane as MAKE UP PROPANE REFRIGERANT and LPG.
4. Butane separation(C4)
- Using DE-BUTANIZER column
- To produce butane as LPG.

39. Natural gas processing
Liquefaction
Using refrigeration process
Operating temperature -1600C
Refrigerant : ammonia (-140C),
freon (-500C)
C3, MCR (multi componen refrigerant)

40. Natural gas processing
Refrigeration concept Qc Qr 1 4 3 2
Evaporator
Condenser
Comp
JT-valve

41. Natural gas transportation
Pipeline Transmission System

42. Natural gas transportation
Floating LNG
ConocoPhillips_Cascade_LNG_Project1.jpg

43. Natural gas transportation
FSRU

44. Natural gas uses
Benefits of Natural Gas
When natural gas is burned it does not emit large levels of sulfer dioxide and produces virtually no solid waste.
Natural gas is extremely efficient with a “total energy efficiency” of about 90 percent.
The supply of gas is reliable as well as the delivery system is underground and therefore exempt from weather-related interruptions.

45. Natural gas uses

46. Natural gas uses
Ammonia processing

47. Natural gas uses
Methanol processing

48. Natural gas uses
Power generation

49. Natural gas uses Power generation  Compressed Natural Gas Advantages
Simplicity
Inexpensive onshore facilities
Can start with very modest transporting needs
Energy efficient
Can exploit isolated supply sources
Suitable for small demand markets

50. Natural gas uses
Power generation  Compressed Natural Gas
Projects using the CNG technology can be successful technically and commercially
CNG is capable of meeting small market demands and monetizing small supply areas
Majority of the investment involved with shipping needs, thus, making the assets movable and used in other areas of interests
CNG can supply gas for distances of 2500 miles cheaper than LNG

51. Natural gas uses CNG Storage Vessels 3 Distinct Categories
Vehicle fuel
CNG Storage Vessels
3 Distinct Categories
Plain Metal Cylinder
Fiber Wrapped Metal Cylinder
Composite

52. Natural gas uses Vehicle fuel
Image:

53. Thank You !