1. Developmental Defects of Oral Mucosa

3. FORDYCE’S GRANULES in upper lip
FORDYCE’S GRANULES in buccal mucosa
FORDYCE’S GRANULES in upper lip

4. Fordyces`s granules

6. Leukoedema. White, wrinkled appearance of the buccal mucosa.

10. White sponge naevus. The keratosis is irregular and folded and extends into areas which are not subject to friction.

11. White Sponge Nevus

12. The Retrocuspid Papilla
Developmental lesion that occurs on the gingiva lingual to the mandibular cuspid.
It is frequently bilateral and typically appears as a small, pink papule.
Quite common, in children and young adults.
Retrocuspid papilla. Bilateral papular lesions on
the gingiva lingual to the mandibular canines (arrows).

13. Microscopic Examination
Reveals a mass of vascular fibrous connective tissue, which is usually loosely arranged .
The hallmark is the presence of numerous large, stellate fibroblasts
within the superficial connective tissue.
A, Low-power view
showing a nodular mass of
fibrous connective tissue covered by stratifi ed squamous epithelium.
. B, High-power view showing multiple large
stellate-shaped and multinucleated fibroblasts.

14. Developmental Defects of Tongue

16. Macroglossia

18. Microglossia

19. HAIRY TONGUE
• Hairy tongue is an unusual condition. which occurs due to an increase in keratin production and hypertrophy of the filliform papilla of tongue along with loss of normal desquamation process.
The abnormal hair–like growth of the papilla eventually leads to formation of a pigmented, thick tongue surface often heavily coated with bacteria and fungi.

20. Hairy tongue

21. The Most Etiological Factors
Poor oral hygiene
• Fungal infections
• Prolonged use of antibiotics
• Heavy smoking
• Excessive use of antiseptic mouth washes
• Chronic illness
• Lack of tooth brushing and consumption of soft foods with little or no roughage.

22. BLACK TONGUE
- Black dorsum of the tongue without overgrowth of papillae.
- Due to drugs(iron components)
- Sucking antiseptic lozenges (pigment producing bacteria) ,bacteroid strains.

23. FISSURED TONGUE
It is a relatively common condition that is characterized by the presence of numerous grooves, or fissures, on the dorsal tongue surface.
The cause is uncertain, but heredity appears to play a significant
role.
Aging or local environmental factors also may contribute to its
Development.
May be a component of certain syndromes.

24. Fissural tongue

25. FURRED TONGUE
Coated with desquamating cells and debris in
Those who smoke heavily
In many systemic upsets especially of gastrointestinal tract
Infection in which the mouth becomes dry and little food is taken
In childhood fever .

26. LINGUAL VARICOSITIES
They are abnormally dilated and tortuous veins.
This suggests that their development may be an age-related degeneration, in which a loss of connective tissue tone supporting the vessels occurs.
TREATMENT No treatment is required for lingual varices

27. GEOGRAPHIC TONGUE
• It is the multifocal, patchy irregular areas of depapillation of tongue characterized by frequent remissions and recurrences.
The exact etiology is not known, however patients often have a positive family history of the similar problem for generations.
However, emotional stress, asthma, eczema and allergy may also precipitate this condition.

28. Geographic tongue clinically presents multiple, irregular, well demarcated, smooth patchy erythematous areas on the dorsum of the tongue with desquamation of the filliform papilla.

29. Geographic tongue

30. TREATMENT
There is no specific treatment for geographic tongue.
Heavy doses of vitamins may produce some results in few cases.
Some times antihistaminic and local steroidal antinflammatory drugs are also used

32. Ankyloglossia

34. Lingual thyroid nodule

36. CLEFT TONGUE
Developmental disturbance may sometimes cause partial or complete cleft in the tongue.
However a partially cleft tongue is more frequently encountered than complete cleft .
Usually develops due to partial or complete failure of union between the two lateral lingual swellings during embryogenesis.