1. Food Chains Food Webs and Organism Relationships

2. What is Ecology?
Ecology - the study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
This includes: abiotic (nonliving) and biotic (living) things.
Abiotic – water, space, air, warmth, sunlight
Biotic – food, mates

3. Types of Interactions
Competition - when a resource is scarce, only those the best at getting it will survive.
Food Chains – Diagrams showing the feeding relationships in an ecosystem (who eats who).
Predator/Prey Relationship – Some animals hunt others for food.
Symbiotic Relationships – Organisms work together to survive.

4. Competition
Since resources will eventually run out, organisms have to compete for it.
Can be between members of the same species (Ex – Polar Bears have to compete for fish to eat).
Can be between members of a different species (Ex – a robin and a woodpecker might compete over a tree to build a nest in.)

5. Niche
Niche – the role an organism plays in the environment (Ex – The Great White Shark is the top consumer in some marine ecosystems.)
If two organisms occupy the same niche they will compete for resources until one species is forced out.

6. Carrying Capacity
The maximum number of individuals an ecosystem can support is the carrying capacity.
Once the carrying capacity is met, limiting factors (such as space, food, shelter) keeps the population size near this carrying capacity.

7. Carrying Capacity
# Of Individuals
Time

8. Predator – Prey Relationships
Predators Can Control the Prey Population
Predators help control the prey population (Since there are few predators of Deer left in New York State, their population size is out of control).
If there are no natural predators the prey become overpopulated.

9. Predator – Prey Relationships
Prey Populations Can Control the Size of Predator Populations
If there are few prey in an area, a small number of predators can survive.
If there are many prey in an area, more predators can survive.

10. Predator-Prey Relationships
The Predators and Prey May Have No Relationship
If the predators rely on many sources of food, one disappearing may have little effect (Ex – If cows go extinct we might have to eat more chicken, but humans would still survive.)

11. Predator-Prey Relationship Example
Moose
Wolves

12. Food Chains Parts of the Food Chain
Producers – (Autotrophs) make their own food from abiotic factors (Ex – Green plants make glucose by photosynthesis.)
Herbivores – Consumers that eat only plants. (Ex – rabbits eat crops and other plants)

13. Food Chains Carnivores – Eat only other consumers (Ex – lion).
Omnivores – Eat plants and animals (Ex – Humans).
Detrivores – (Decomposers) Feed off of and break down dead organisms. These are usually bacteria and fungi.

14. Food Webs
Food Webs show all of the overlapping food chains in an ecosystem.
Arrows always point towards the consumer – this shows the flow of energy.

15. Food Pyramid Relationships
Pyramid of Energy
Show the amount of energy available at each step of a food chain.
Each level of the pyramid is called a Trophic Level.
The organisms at the first trophic level have the most energy.
The amount of energy decreases as you go up the pyramid, since it is used for the life functions.

16. Energy Pyramid

17. Food Pyramid Relationships
Biomass Pyramid
Measures the amount of material at each trophic level.
Like the Energy Pyramid, the larges biomass is at the base (producers) and it decreases as you move up the pyramid.

18. Biomass Pyramid

19. Food Pyramid Relationships
Pyramid of Population Size
The third pyramid shows the number of individuals at each trophic level.
Life the other two pyramids, the largest population is at the base (producers) and decreases as you move up the pyramid.

20. Pyramid of Population Size

21. Summary of the Pyramid Relationships
Energy Pyramid
Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level. Organisms use about 10 percent of this energy for
life processes. The rest is lost as heat.
Pyramid of Numbers
Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level.
Biomass Pyramid
Represents the amount of
living organic matter at each
trophic level. Typically, the
greatest biomass is at the
base of the pyramid.

22. Biological Magnification
If a poison is introduced into an ecosystem, it will affect each level of the food chain more severely.
Each level of the food chain will have more individuals affected.

23. Symbiotic Relationships
Organisms can interact in three main ways:
Mutualism – Both species benefit (Ex – E.Coli in our Large Intestine and Humans.)
Commensalism –One species benefits and the other is not affected (Ex – Barnacles living on a whale.
Parasitism – One species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host). (Ex –Tapeworms and humans.)

24. Nutrient Recycling
Water Cycle - Earth’s water supply is constantly recycled throughout the biosphere:
Evaporation – water vapor leaves the oceans and joins the atmosphere.
Transpiration – water vapor evaporates off of plant leaves.
Condensation – water vapor in the atmosphere forms clouds.
Precipitation – water vapor in the atmosphere falls to the ground (rain.)

25. Nutrient Recycling CO2 and O2 Cycle
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration work together to recycle carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere.
Photosynthesis – in plants, uses up CO2 and produces O2 as a waste.
Cellular Respiration – in consumers, uses O2 and produces CO2 as a waste.

26. Nutrient Recycling Nitrogen Cycle
The Nitrogen in the atmosphere is made usable for living things through Nitrogen Fixation.
Plants use this nitrogen in the soil to make protein. This is assimilation.
Once the plants and organisms that eat the plants die, decomposers break down the remains and return the nitrogen to the soil and the atmosphere.

27. Ecological Succession
As organisms live in a given area, they change their environment.
As the environment changes, so do the organisms that can live there.

28. Ecological Succession
Primary Succession – a pioneer organism first grows on a bare rock surface (Ex – Hawaiian Islands)
Secondary Succession – after a disaster (fire, drought) succession begins again at an intermediate stage (Ex – Pine Barrens of Long Island).

29. Human Effects on the Environment
Negative Effects:
Urbanization
Industrialization
Agriculture
Exploitation of Wildlife
Deforestation

30. Greenhouse Effect
Carbon Dioxide and other Greenhouse gases trap the suns energy in our atmosphere to keep the earth within a range of suitable temperatures for the survival of the present organisms

31. Global Warming
By burning fossil fuels (use of automobiles, electricity, home heating) carbon dioxide is released as a waste gas.
At the same time we are cutting down trees which would have used up the Carbon Dioxide.

32. Global Warming
As a result, Carbon Dioxide levels increase, trapping MUCH MORE heat from the sun and gradually causing the Earth to warm up.
Global Warming could cause sea level to rise, habitats to be destroyed, draught, and mass extinction.

33. Acid Rain
Air pollution in the atmosphere combines with rain water, lowering the pH of the rain.
The resulting acid rain damages freshwater ecosystems, and there is evidence linking it to extinctions of many amphibian species.

34. Ozone Layer Depletion
The ozone layer is part of the upper atmosphere and blocks harmful rays of the sun.
The release of CFC’s from aerosol cans and other sources of air pollution interact with the atmosphere and deplete the ozone layer.
If the ozone layer is destroyed, harmful rays from the sun would cause catastrophic mutations and would threaten all life on Earth.

35. Positive Human Influences
Conservation of Resources
Recycling
Pollution Controls
Decreasing our dependence on fossil fuels.