1. Functional Groups / Amino Acids
Organic Molecules
Functional Groups / Amino Acids
Proteins II
Dr. Ron Rusay

2. Chemical Biology Globular Proteins / Enzymes Metabolism1

3. Chemical Biology Metabolism is the chemical study of living things.
Metabolism is the total collection of all chemical processes. It involves inter-conversions of matter and energy.
Enzymes catalyze these conversions which follow distinct reactions & discrete pathways.
Substrates (reactants) react to form products.

4. Metabolism Metabolism consists of catabolism and anabolism.
Anabolism: constructive (biosynthetic)
Processes that build molecules up.
Usually endothermic (endergonic).
Catabolism: degradative
Processes that break molecules down.
Usually exothermic (exergonic).

5. Metabolism is the sum of Catabolism and Anabolism, opposite chemical processes. Catabolism breaks bonds, releases energy (exergonic), and Anabolism makes bonds, takes up energy (endergonic)

6. Four general stages in the biochemical energy production process in the human body.

7. Human Metabolism Defined by enzymes: globular proteins that catalyze all reactions & processes in human chemical biology

8. Enzyme (E) : Active Site
Example: Vision
Enzyme (E) : Active Site
Receptor / Substrate (S) / Docking
Eg. Rhodopsin & Vision

9. Vision Globular Proteins / Enzymes Rhodopsin1

10. Orange-red pigments are found in some vegetables
Lycopene
Orange-red pigments are found in some vegetables
lmax 505 nm
Does eating carrots and tomatoes actually improve vision? 5

16. Cis-Trans Isomerization & Vision

17. B&W Chemistry Step One: Oxidation
retinol
retinal (aldehyde)

18. B&W Chemistry Step Two: Trans Cis Isomerization

19. B&W Chemistry Step Three: “Hooked on Opsin”

20. Light, Isomers & The Chemistry of Vision
3 x 10−12 seconds

21. Double Bonds and Vision
Experimental rate of reaction = 200 femtoseconds
200 x 10−15 seconds

22. B&W Chemistry Step Five: “Repeat Process”

23. Perception of Color Human retinas have 3 types of receptors for color
Human retinas have 3 types of receptors for color
red (peak response at wavelength = 580nm)
green (peak response at wavelength = 545nm)
blue (peak response at wavelength = 440nm)
Red, green, and blue are the primary colors.
Light containing equal intensities off all three appears white.
Complementary colors are magenta (green), yellow (blue), and cyan (red)

24. The Visible Spectrum and Color

25. QUESTION
Hemoglobin is observed to be red. Which color is absorbed by red blood cells?
Azure
Chatreuse Green
Blue
Red
Cyan

26. Answer E. http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/cchem/color2.html
Observed color
Answer E.
Absorbed color

27.
QUESTION
If the blue cone cell receptors become fatigued by overuse, eg. a color for a period of time, they will not respond to that color for a time until they can re-activate, “re-load”. If the receptors for blue are fatigued and unresponsive, what color is perceived in its stead?
Azure
Yellow
Red
Cyan
Violet

28.
Answer
If the blue cone cell receptors become fatigued by overuse, eg. a color for a period of time, they will not respond to that color for a time until they can re-activate, “re-load”. If the receptors for blue are fatigued and unresponsive, what color is perceived in its stead?
Azure
Yellow
Red
Cyan
Violet

29. Digestion Globular Proteins / Enzymes Trypsin / α-Galactosidase / Invertase / Sucrase1

30. Neurotransmission Acetylcholinesterase
The interaction of a globular protein, acetylcholinesterase, with a relatively small molecule, acetylcholine.
Richard Short (Cornell University)

31. Digestion Trypsin: Hydrolysis
Trypsin, which catalyzes the digestion of proteins through hydrolysis, works in a similar way to acetylcholinesterase, but in breaking down other proteins instead of small molecules, acetylcholine - choline.

32. Digestion / Hydrolysis α-Galactosidase/ Invertase/ Sucrase
β-Fructose
α-Glucose
Beano was developed in 1990 by Alan Kligerman of AkPharma after research into gas-causing vegetables that had begun in 1981.[6][7] The idea for such a product was proposed at least as early as the 1780s in Benjamin Franklin's essay "A Letter To A Royal Academy".
Its patent is owned by GlaxoSmithKline, which acquired it in 2001 from Block Drug.[8] GlaxoSmithKline sold Beano and 16 other brands to Prestige Brands in 2012.[9]
Beano received a U.S. Patent 5,445,957 on August 29, 1995.[10] The estimated expiration date of this patent is December 5, As of early 2013 there were more than four dozen competing products on the market.
In April 2014, the brand introduced Beano +Dairy Defense [11]

33. Digestion / Hydrolysis α-Galactosidase/ Invertase/ Sucrase
β-Fructose
α-Glucose
Beano was developed in 1990 by Alan Kligerman of AkPharma after research into gas-causing vegetables that had begun in 1981.[6][7] The idea for such a product was proposed at least as early as the 1780s in Benjamin Franklin's essay "A Letter To A Royal Academy".
Its patent is owned by GlaxoSmithKline, which acquired it in 2001 from Block Drug.[8] GlaxoSmithKline sold Beano and 16 other brands to Prestige Brands in 2012.[9]
Beano received a U.S. Patent 5,445,957 on August 29, 1995.[10] The estimated expiration date of this patent is December 5, As of early 2013 there were more than four dozen competing products on the market.
In April 2014, the brand introduced Beano +Dairy Defense [11]

34. Flatulence & Saccharides
“To operate the assembly, the operator places the inlet tube with its valve open adjacent his anal region from which a colonic gas is discharged.”