1. Topic 8 Globalisation
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2. Topic overview Definition of globalisation
Advantages and disadvantages of globalisation
The role of nation states
How globalisation has affected education
The influence of multinational brands that have become global icons
Connections between globalisation and the environment
Key factors encouraging globalisation
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3. Activity 1
In small groups discuss and note down what you understand by the term ‘globalisation’.
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4. Contrast the following quotations
Which of the following definitions contain similar ideas to those noted by your group?
Globalisation is a ‘process of increasing interconnectedness between societies such that events in one part of the world more and more have effects on peoples and societies far away’ (Bayliss & Smith 2005, p. 8).
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5. Contrast the following quotations (cont.)
2. Globalisation is often seen as an ‘economic phenomenon, involving the increasing interaction, or integration, of national economic systems through the growth in international trade, investment and capital’ (Virgo 2005, p. 7).
3. Globalisation refers to what is ‘an undeniably capitalist process. It has taken off as a concept in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union and of socialism …’ (Virgo 2005, p. 7).
4. ‘Globalisation … means that national boundaries and national governments are losing their significance’ (Suter 2000, p. 9).
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6. Activities 2–4
Complete activities 2, 3 and 4 on pp 312–316 of your textbook.
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7. Information from the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2003)
Globalisation has become a part of developmental goals in many East Asian countries.
From the mid-20th century, many of these countries began lowering tariffs and pursuing export strategies.
China, Thailand, Malaysia and the Philippines have all increased their manufacturing exports in the last 50 years.
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8. Information from the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2003) (cont.)
The average per capita income grew in the region by 10 times between 1985 and 1997.
Investors became interested in East Asian countries and growth in East Asia increased by 40 per cent.
Improved education has improved workforce quality, skills in new technologies and workforce productivity.
China halved poverty levels between 1980 and 2000.
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9. Information from the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2003) (cont.)
Countries like Burma and North Korea have resisted globalisation and have not:
opened free trade ports
reduced trade barriers or labour market reforms
improved education or the infrastructure (communication systems).
The living standards of citizens in these countries has deteriorated, resulting in the starvation of 2.5 million North Koreans in the late 1990s.
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10. Information from the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2003) (cont.)
Burma’s economy has also performed poorly compared to its more globalising neighbour, Thailand.
Kegley & Wittkopf (2001) cited ideas that came out of the 50th Salzburg seminar of global leaders in These ideas help to clarify key concepts of globalisation and the nation states.
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11. 50th Salzburg seminar: ideas about globalisation
Globalisation has created new relationships, new economies and financial markets.
Multinational corporations now assemble goods in different parts of the globe and have provided worldwide links in services such as the law, accounting and advertising.
The world now appears to be borderless.
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12. 50th Salzburg seminar: ideas about nation states
Despite globalisation seminar participants believed that the nation state was still necessary to:
provide people with a sense of identity
generate taxes
organise social issues
protect the environment
guarantee internal security.
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13. 50th Salzburg seminar: ideas about nation states (cont.)
The nation state is shrinking in power, however, as it undergoes a major transformation owing to globalisation assisted by the computer and telecommunication.
The weakening of power in nation states is seen as a result of the creation of supernational institutions such as the United Nations, World Trade Organisation and the World Bank.
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14. 50th Salzburg seminar: ideas about nation states (cont.)
The United Nations, World Trade Organisation and the World Bank have their own employees who are not accountable to any particular nation state.
There is also the rise of influential non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Greenpeace and Amnesty International.
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15. 50th Salzburg seminar: ideas about nation states (cont.)
Globalisation is generating huge wealth but those countries who are not technologically up to date will face marginalisation and poverty.
There are further fears that globalisation will result in insecurities and fears about worldwide changes and the loss of individuality and spirituality.
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16. Globalisation in education
Globalisation has resulted in more flexible teaching and learning practices.
In educational terms, globalisation tends to relate to common teaching and learning practices between cultures whereas internationalising education is more concerned with celebrating and respecting the character of individual countries or other kinds of groups (Crossman 2003, p. 504).
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17. Globalisation in education (cont.)
Many teachers and learners welcome the fact that their students come from diverse cultures and can contribute different perspectives that provide a balance to the Western world view (Virgo 2005, p. 67).
Globalisation has meant that people can access education from anywhere in the world using technology when it is not available locally.
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18. Globalisation in education (cont.)
Distance education saves money and minimises disruption to family and employment.
However, critics of globalisation claim that it has led to an increasingly commercialised learning environment at the cost of quality learning (Virgo 2005, p. 67).
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19. Activities 5 and 6
Complete activities 5 and 6 on pp 316–318 of your textbook.
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20. ‘The New Gods’
Chanda (1997) maintains that in countries like India and Malaysia and other parts of Asia, brands such as Coca-Cola, McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Mickey Mouse have become the new ‘Gods’.
Chanda suggests that worldwide icons such as Mickey Mouse challenge local marketeers, cultures and traditional values and are changing the way people think and live.
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21. ‘The New Gods’ (cont.)
Some believe globalisation is creating a uni-polar culture that only serves transnational corporations.
Hence the world drinks Coca-Cola, watches American movies and eats American fast food.
American culture is seen to be dominated by monetary relationships and commercial values, replacing traditional social relationships and family values (The Australian APEC Study Centre cited in Virgo 2005, pp 48–49).
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22. Globalisation and the environment
Some writers argue that transnational companies are setting up businesses in countries without strict environmental controls.
However, this view is rejected by pro-globalisation individuals who maintain that environmental controls lead only to minor costs that would not be worth closing down one factory and moving it overseas. They also suggest that global industries would be more likely to give in to political pressure about damage to the environment. Some industries are already inviting independent reports to be written by environmental auditors.
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23. Globalisation and the environment (cont.)
Critics of globalisation point to evidence that industries such as forestry, mining and fisheries exploit the resources of poor countries and do long-term damage to national resources and the environment.
Unfortunately the World Trade Organisation does not prevent trading in goods and services that involve these environmentally damaging practices (The Australian APEC Study Centre cited in Virgo 2005, pp 57–58).
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24. Globalisation and the environment (cont.)
Bayliss and Smith (2005, p. 8) identify a number of key factors that have encouraged the development of globalisation. These are:
the Internet
worldwide television communications
international social movements such as Greenpeace
globalised franchises such as McDonald’s
global risks such as AIDS
environmental pollution
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25. Activities 7–10
Complete activities 10, 11, 12 and 13 on pp 320–322 of your textbook.
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26. Summary
Globalisation has been encouraged by technology, communication, social movements such as Greenpeace, non-government organisations (NGOs), globalised franchises and shared global risks, disasters and problems (including environmental issues).
The Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade argues that globalised Asian countries are more wealthy and successful than those that have not embraced globalisation.
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27. Summary (cont.)
Nation states are still useful to provide people with a sense of identity, generate taxes, organise social issues, protect the environment and support internal security.
Globalisation leads to insecurities about changes and loss of individuality and spirituality.
Globalisation has made education more available and flexible to those with access to technology but it is also more commercial.
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28. Summary (cont.)
Multinational brands have created icons that some see as ‘New Gods’.
There is much discussion about the positive effect of globalisation on environment.
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29. References
Bayliss, J. & Smith, S. 2005, The globalization of world politics: an introduction to international relations, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Chanda, N. 1997, ‘Michael Jackson and other ‘Gods’—nations and communities in the face of an internal pantheon’, in Globalisation and regional communities: geoeconomic, sociocultural and security implications for Australia, McMillen, D. (ed.) USQ Press, Toowoomba.
Crossman, J. 2003, ‘Secular spiritual development in education from international and global perspectives’, Oxford Review of Education, vol. 29, no. 4, pp 503–520.
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30. References (cont.)
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2003, ‘Globalisation drives East Asia’s success’, Chapter 5, Globalisation: keeping the gains, Economic Analytical Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Canberra.
Kegley, C. & Wittkopf, E. 2001, World politics: trend and transformation, Bedford/St Martin’s, Boston.
McShane, S. & Travaglione, T. 2003, Organisational behaviour on the Pacific rim, McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston.
Suter, K. 2000, In defence of globalisation, UNSWPress, Sydney.
Virgo, G. 2005, Writing an academic assignment: preparing a model essay on globalisation, Pearson Longman, Sydney.
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