1. Why Have Ethnicities been Transformed Into Nationalities?

2. UNIT 4 – Ethnic & Political Geography What’s the difference between race & ethnicity?
Warm-up: On a clean sheet of paper, define each of the following terms in your own words AND give an example of each:
Race
Ethnicity
Objectives:
Explain the structure of the contemporary political map. (Types of political entities include nations, states, nation-states, stateless nations, multinational states, multistate nations, and autonomous regions.)
Apply the concepts of centrifugal and centripetal forces at the national scale.
Political boundaries do not always coincide with patterns of language, religion, ethnicity, nationality, and economy.

3. Dalton Conley
While race and ethnicity share an ideology of common ancestry, they differ in several ways. First of all, race is primarily unitary. You can only have one race, while you can claim multiple ethnic affiliations. You can identify ethnically as Irish and Polish, but you have to be essentially either black or white. The fundamental difference is that race is socially imposed and hierarchical. There is an inequality built into the system. Furthermore, you have no control over your race; it's how you're perceived by others. For example, I have a friend who was born in Korea to Korean parents, but as an infant, she was adopted by an Italian family in Italy. Ethnically, she feels Italian: she eats Italian food, she speaks Italian, she knows Italian history and culture. She knows nothing about Korean history and culture. But when she comes to the United States, she's treated racially as Asian.

4. John Cheng
I think most people associate race with biology and ethnicity with culture. It's important to stress the culture and language part of it. Ethnicity isn't just a question of affiliation; it's also a question of choice. It's also a question of group membership. And it's usually associated with a geographic region. It's also often confused or conflated with nationality, but that's not the same thing. Today people identify with ethnicity positively because they see themselves as being part of that group. People can't just simply say, "Well, I want to become a member of that race." You either are or are not a member of that race. Whereas, if you wanted to look at ethnicity based on culture, you could learn a language, you can learn customs - there are things that you can learn so that you could belong to that group.
I think the most powerful argument about the differentiation between race and ethnicity is that race becomes institutionalized in a way that has profound social consequences on the members of different groups.

5. What’s the difference between race & ethnicity???
Race: Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor 
Most biologists and anthropologists do not recognize RACE as a biologically valid classification, in part because there is more genetic variation within groups than between them.

6. Ethnicity: Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural tradition

7. Distribution of Ethnicity/Race in the US

8. What is your nationality?
What characteristics define your nationality?
Nationality: Identity of a group of people who share a legal attachment & personal allegiance to a particular country

9. Nationality Legal Status Cultural Tradition
Voting, Passports, Civic Duties
Cultural Tradition
Language, Religion, etc.

10. Nationality in the US
We view nationality & ethnicity as two distinct things
Italian-Americans
Polish-Americans
Japanese-Americans
African-Americans

11. What is a nation? What is a state?
People with shared cultural identity & common ethnicity
Basques, Palestinians, & Kurds
State
A politically organized unit that is sovereign or independent
Recognized by the international community
Germany, United Kingdom, & Israel

12. What is a Nation-State?
Territory that is occupied by a particular ethnicity (no pure nation-states exist)
Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Slovenia, Israel, Armenia, Iran, & Turkey

13. Multi-Ethnic State State with more than one ethnicity Belgium
1. Flemish: Dutch Speaking
2. Walloons: French Speaking

14. Multi-National State
2 ethnic groups with traditions for self-determination that agree to co-exist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
United Kingdom:
England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland

15. Multi-State Nation A nation that spans more than one political state
Examples:
Kurds (one nation spanning multiple states)
Koreans (one nation, 2 states)

16. Stateless Nation A nation without a state. Examples: Kurds
Palestinians

17. Nationalism Loyalty & devotion to a nation
Helps to ensure survival of state, but can be taken to the extreme
American patriotism, Pledge of Allegiance, music, media

18. Centripetal Force Nationalism is an example
An attitude that tends to unify people & enhance the support of the state (CENTER)
Can you think of more centripetal forces?

19. Balkanization/Devolution
Centrifugal Force
Centrifugal Force- an attitude that tends to de-unify people, spreading away from center
FORCE AWAY!!!
Can you think of examples of centrifugal forces?
Balkanization/Devolution

20. Soviet Union- Largest Multi-National state
When the Soviet Union collapsed it’s 15 republics became 15 independent states
1. Baltics: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania
2. European: Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine
3. Central Asia: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
4. Caucuses: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia
5. Russia

21. Former Soviet Union

22. Turmoil
The smaller Caucus states of the Former Soviet Union were not given self-determination
It is especially difficult for Russia to keep all these ethnicities happy
Look at the Ukraine today!!!

23. Dagestan Video

24. Map Shade territories for former USSR Pin Dagestan
Add a description of the physical geography of the region
Add a definition of centripetal & centrifugal force
Add an explanation of how they apply to the area
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