1. Early European Explorations & Conquests
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
Edited by C. Rhodes, GMHS

2. Earlier Explorations Malacca Europe Zheng He Marco Polo, 1271
Monarchs.
Ships.
Zheng He

3. Admiral Zheng He
Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide!

4. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

5. Motives for European Exploration
Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
Population growth—demand for goods
Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples.
Reformation  refugees & missionaries.
Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
Technological advances.
Fame and fortune.

6. New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan]
Hartman Astrolabe (1532)
Mariner’s Compass
Sextant

7. New Weapons Technology

8. Prince Henry, the Navigator
School for Navigation, 1419

9. Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

10. Portuguese Maritime Empire
Exploring the west coast of Africa.
Bartolomeo Diaz, 1487.
Cape of Good Hope.
Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).

11. “While Buddha came to China on white elephants, Christ was borne on cannon balls.”
C.M. Cipolla

12. Christofo Colon [ ]

13. Columbus’ Four Voyages

14. Was Columbus a racist, an opportunist, an adventurer, a murderer, a loyal subject, or a missionary?

15. Other Voyages of Exploration

16. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

17. Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

18. The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II

19. The Death of Montezuma II

20. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

21. The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa

22. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

23. Why would the
'Columbian Exchange'
be considered the
tsunami of
unintentional
"bio-terrorism"??

24. The “Columbian Exchange”
Squash
Avocado
Peppers
Sweet Potatoes
Turkey
Pumpkin
Tobacco
Quinine
Cocoa
Pineapple
Cassava
POTATO
Peanut
TOMATO
Vanilla
MAIZE
Syphilis
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
Olive
COFFEE BEAN
Banana
Rice
Onion
Turnip
Honeybee
Barley
Grape
Peach
SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits
Pear
Wheat
HORSE
Cattle
Sheep
Pigs
Smallpox
Flu
Typhus
Measles
Malaria
Diptheria
Whooping Cough

25. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony!
Explorers
Conquistadores
Official European Colony!
Missionaries
Permanent Settlers

26. Treasures from the Americas!

27. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

28. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

29. The Slave Trade In Africa. Replaced Slavs 10 million Sugar 1518.
275,000
10 million

30. Slave Ship
“Middle Passage”

31. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

32. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

33. European Empires in the Americas

34. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves

35. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World
Encomienda or forced labor.
Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
Papal agreement.

36. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission

37. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

38. Father Bartolome de Las Casas
New Laws  1542
Encomendaros revolt

39. New Colonial Rivals
Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

40. New Colonial Rivals

41. Impact of European Expansion
Native populations ravaged by disease.
Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”]
New products cross continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
Deepened colonial rivalries.

42. 5. New Patterns of World Trade