1. Learning to Work Efficiently and Accurately

2. Example 1: Express 18,000 in scientific notation
POWERS OF 10
The base 10 is commonly used in electronics because multiples of 10 are used in the metric system of units.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
A number is said to be written in scientific notation if it is written as the product of a number greater than or equal to 1 and less than 10 and a power of ten.
Example 1: Express 18,000 in scientific notation
Example 2: Express in scientific notation
ENGINEERING NOTATION AND METRIC PREFIXES
Very much like scientific notation the power of 10
are always multiples of 3

3. Quantity Symbol Unit Unit Symbol
Capacitance C farad F
Conductance G siemens S
Electric charge Q coulomb C
Electromotive force E volt V
Current I Ampere A
Frequency f hertz Hz
Inductance L Henry H
Power P watt W
Resistance R ohm 
Reactance X ohm 
Impedance Z ohm 

4. giga- G 109 mega- M 106 kilo- k 103 milli- m 10-3 micro-  10-6
Metric Prefixes
Prefix Symbol Scientific Notation
tera- T 1012
giga- G 109
mega- M 106
kilo- k 103
milli- m 10-3
micro-  10-6
nano- n 10-9
pico- p

6. Direct current (DC): constant value that does not change with time
Alternating current (AC): magnitude and direction varies with time
Rectifier: Device that converts AC to DC
Frequency (f): number of cycles per second and unit is Hertz
Period (T): amount of time for complete one cycle
Frequency and Period conversion:
f = 1/T OR T = 1/ f ( T in Second and f in Hz )

7. Vpeak = Vp-p / 2 Vrms = 0.707 x Vpeak Vpeak = Vrms / 0.707
Voltage and current in phase
Voltage leading current 60 degree
Vpeak = Vp-p / 2
Vrms = x Vpeak
Vpeak = Vrms / 0.707
Vaverage = x Vpeak
cosine leading sine 90 degree

9. RESISTOR COLOR CODE General purpose Resistor 4-bands
Opposite to the current flow
General purpose Resistor
4-bands
Precision Resistor
5-bands

10. Black - 0 100 - Brown 1 1 101 - Red 2 2 102 - Orange 3 3 103 -
GENERAL PURPOSE RESISTOR COLOR CODE
First band Second band Third band Fourth band
Color First Digit Second Digit Multiplier Tolerance
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold /-5%
Silver /-10%
None /-20%

11. Black - 0 0 100 - Brown 1 1 1 101 +/-1% Red 2 2 2 102 +/-2%
PRECISION RESISTOR COLOR CODE
Color First Second Third Multiplier Tolerance
Digit Digit Digit
Black
Brown /-1%
Red /-2%
Orange
Yellow
Green /-0.5%
Blue /-0.25%
Violet /0.1%
Gray
White
Gold
Silver

12. Resistor Wattage Rating
The larger the wattage, the greater the cost
The larger the wattage, the greater size and area the resistor occupies within the equipment

54. Superposition Theorem
In a network with two or more sources, the current or voltage for any component is the algebraic sum of the effects produced by each source acting separately.
useful to solve the circuit with two or more voltages or current sources.
To use one source at a time, all other sources are “killed” temporarily.
To “killed” voltage source: short circuit across its potential difference.
To “killed” current source: open circuit
The method is to calculate the voltage or current by each source separately and then superimpose these voltages or currents.

55. Thevenin’s Theorem Find VTH Find RTH
very useful in simplifying the process of solving for the unknown values of voltage and current in a network.
RTH
VTH A B + A
Network - B
Find VTH
Remove the load from the circuit
VTH is the voltage of the open circuit
Find RTH
Remove the load
Killed all voltage sources by short circuit
Killed all current sources by open circuit
Resistance looking into the open circuit is RTH

56. DMM (Digital Multimeter) Measure:
TEST EQUIPMENTS:
DMM (Digital Multimeter)
Measure:
DC and AC (Vrms) voltages
DC and AC (Irms) currents
Resistance (Ohm)
Continuing
Option:
Capacitance
Diode
Frequency

57. Signal displays on the Oscilloscope

58. TEST EQUIPMENTS: The OSCILLOSCOPE Time Domain Measure DC voltage
Measure AC voltage ( Vpeak-to-peak )
Measure Time (Period )
then to get Frequency using F = 1/ T
Measure phase angle difference
Measure time then using formula to calculate the angle.

59. TEST EQUIPMENT: FUNCTION GENERATOR
Generates Sine-wave, Triangle-wave, Square-wave …