1. Chapter 4, Section 3
KEY IDEA During the Middle and New Kingdoms, order & greatness were restored in Egypt

2. The Middle Kingdom 2050 BC –1750 BC
Maintaining pyramids too expensive, can’t collect enough taxes
Nobles used power to gain control over pharaohs and ruled for 160 years without a central ruler
This marks the end of the Old Kingdom

3. Middle Kingdom
2050 BC powerful Pharaoh, Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II-start of Middle Kingdom
Hyskos (SW Asia) invade on horse drawn chariots, using advanced weapons and conquer
Rule as pharaohs for 200 years
Egyptians fought back

4. The New Kingdom
Ahmose of Thebes declares himself Pharaoh-marks start of New Kingdom
This is when Egypt reaches height of glory
This invasion left the Egyptians feeling vulnerable. Before the Hyksos invasion, the desert had always protected them from outsiders. Technology had made their barrier obsolete.

5. The New Kingdom
After the Hyksos were driven out of Egypt, the new rulers were determined to restore the power of Egypt. They wanted to build a vast strong empire.
They used the technology of the Hyksos, bronze weapons an horse-drawn chariots, to become conquerors throughout the region.
Conquered: Hyskos, Syria, eastern shore of Mediterranean, Kush

6. Hatshepsut- The Female Pharaoh 1472 BC – 1458 BC
Hatshepsut was a female ruler of Egypt. She took over the role of ruler because her stepson, Thutmose III was just a child when he inherited the throne.
She was more interested in creating a trade empire than waging war. She used the money to build great monuments in her honor

7. Queen H and Trade
Sent traders to south to trade w/Kingdom of Punt on Red Sea & North to Asia Minor and Greece
Money from trade was used to support arts and architecture
She is known for her impressive Monuments

8. Hatshepsut- The Female Pharaoh 1472 BC – 1458 BC continued…
One of her most known structures was a temple in Thebes, called Deir el-Bahari, “Monastery of the Sea”

9. Thutmose III 1458 BC – 1425 BC
Thutemose III, Hatshepsut’s stepson, is believed to have ordered her assassination. He has evidence of her existence erased.
He was not interested in peaceful relations with his neighbors, instead he wanted to increase the area of the Egyptian empire.

10. Thutmose’s Empire
During his rule, Thutmose III increased the Egyptian empire to include Syria, Palestine and Nubia

11. The Battle of Kadesh
1285 B.C Egyptians & Hittites competing for parts of Palestine.
Neither side was able to claim victory.
Ramses II and the Hittite king entered into a peace treaty, lasted nearly 20 years and brought peace to the region.
This is the FIRST PEACE TREATY EVER!!

12. Egypt is Invaded
Around 1200 B.C., after Ramses died, The “People of the Sea”, most likely Philistines or Phoenicians, invaded the Egyptian and Hittite kingdoms.
After 50 years of fighting, they turned back
However, the Egyptian empire was unable to recover and never regained its power

13. Ramses (II) the Great
Lived in Pi-Ramesse (city he built), “house of Ramses”
Army captain age 10
As pharaoh, greatly increased size of his kingdom
Considered last great Egyptian Pharaoh-no pharaoh could contain what he created
Built: Temple of Karnak, Luxor, Abu Simbel

14. Karnak

15. Luxor

16. Abu Simbel

17. The Pharaohs and the Afterlife
The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom did not want to suffer the fate of the earlier pharaohs whose bodies and treasure was looted from the pyramids.
Instead of building their tombs in plain sight, they built their tombs hidden away in the desert away from tomb robbers and looters. They were buried near the city of Thebes in the Valley of the Kings.

18. The Valley of the Kings
This is an aerial view of the Valley of the Kings

19. Tombs of the Pharaohs

20. Tombs and Treasure

22. STOP

23. The Libyans Take Control
Their neighbors to the west took the opportunity to seize control of Egypt.
The Libyans were able to easily defeat the disunited region. Instead of imposing their own culture upon the Egyptians, the Libyans adopted many ideas and practices of the Egyptians.

25. Nubia Restores The Egyptian Throne
The Nubians (Sudan) had been connected to the Egyptians for over a thousand years. Their trade, governance and culture were intermixed.
Nubia provided a trade corridor to the interior of Africa as well as a source of slaves and other trade goods.

26. Piankhi Defeats the Libyans
After the invasions of the Libyans, the Nubians gained their independence. However, they did not cut their ties with Egypt. They saw themselves as the guardians of Egyptian culture.
In 750 B.C. a strong Nubian king, Piankhi, from the kingdom of Kush defeated the Libyans and retook the Egyptian throne after 200 years of Libyan control.

27. Assyrians Defeat Kush
The Kushite control of Egypt did not last long. In 671 B.C. the Assyrians, a war-like people from northern Mesopotamia, conquered the Nubian dynasty in Egypt.
The royal family was forced to flee to the south where they settled in a coastal city of Meroë.

28. Meroë Become a Thriving City
Under the control of the Kushites, Meroë becomes a thriving center for trade between Africa and Arabia and India.
The Kushites found abundant supplies of iron ore not present in Egypt. Meroë became a main center for the manufacture of iron weapons and tools.

29. The End