1. Welcome! As you come in… Pick up article- actively read
If you haven’t yet, Go to ExitTicket and take the 2 quizzes
be ready for stamp
OBJECTIVE 9-2| Outline four events in the motor development sequence from birth to toddlerhood, and evaluate the effects of maturation and experience on that sequence.

2. Infancy – Childhood Development

3. Physical Development
Maturation: biological growth process, uninfluenced by experience
Sequence of motor development is universal (roll over, crawl, walk), yet the timing is individualistic
OBJECTIVE 9-2| Outline four events in the motor development sequence from birth to toddlerhood, and evaluate the effects of maturation and experience on that sequence.
Renee Altier for Worth Publishers
Phototake Inc./ Alamy Images
Profimedia.CZ s.r.o./ Alamy
Jim Craigmyle/ Corbis

4. Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget – believed that children moved from stage to stage as they matured and were exposed to relevant types of experiences
Our cognitive development is shaped by errors we make.
Both photos: Courtesy of Judy DeLoache

5. Schemas are mental molds into which we pour our experiences.

6. Assimilation and Accommodation
As children experience new things, they shape their schemas in one of two ways…
assimilation: interpret new information in terms of an existing schema
accommodation: adapt their existing schema to incorporate new information
Jean Piaget with a subject
Bill Anderson/ Photo Researchers, Inc.

7. Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking

8. Sensorimotor Stage (0-2)
Experience world with their 5 senses — through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing and grasping
Develop object permanence around 9 months – now know that objects and people exist even if they are out of sight…peek-a-boo
Doug Goodman

9. Preoperational Stage (2-7)
Children develop language and symbolic thinking
Piaget concluded that preschool children are egocentric. They cannot perceive things from another’s point of view.
Think that everyone shares their knowledge and perspective…this can be maddening for adults trying to get information from a child (i.e. 5-year-old might say “He won’t let me go.” The child won’t elaborate on who “he” is or where he won’t let them go.)
Also, playing hide-and-seek can show the egocentric nature of the stage…child may hide face against a wall, covering their eyes in plain sight…assuming that since they can’t see, no one will see them

10. Preoperational Stage
Lack concept of conservation (knowledge that quantity can remain the same when shape or other properties change)
A 4-year-old, doesn’t understand that 8 oz of kool-aid in a short, wide glass is the same as 8 oz in a tall, skinny glass

11. Concrete Operational Stage (7-12)
Develop ability to think in a more logical manner
Children in this stage master idea of conservation and no longer are egocentric…yet items still presented simply and in a hands-on manner
Children in this stage are also able to transform mathematical functions. So if, = 12 then transformation 12 – 4 = 8 is also readily doable.

12. Formal Operational Stage (12+)
Characterized by abstract reasoning
Approach problems systematically…ruling out possibilities along the way
This is thought to emerge during the teenage years…yet research has shown that not everyone fully masters this stage, some research has shown that approximately 60% of adults reach this stage

13. Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory
Piaget’s stage theory has been influential globally, validating a number of ideas regarding growth and development in many cultures and societies. However, today’s researchers believe:
Development is a continuous process.
Children express their mental abilities and operations at earlier ages.
Formal logic is a smaller part of cognition.
OBJECTIVE 9-6| Discuss psychologists’ current views on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development.

14. Welcome! As you come in… Get practice test and chart from team folder
chart is homework, needs to be done for tomorrow's review
suggest doing some of practice test
Go to the Parenting Questionairre in your notes- answer the questions
Have notes ready on Infancy and Childhood- Social ready

15. Our goals for today Can you… Explain the types of attachment.
What influences acquiring types of attachment?
Describe Harry Harlow’s research and how it contributed to what we know about human development.
Describe Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation and it’s influence on what we know about human development.
Describe Baumrind’s different parenting style.

16. © Christina Kennedy/ PhotoEdit
Social Development
Stranger anxiety is fear of stranger and develops around 8 months. This is the age at which infants form schemas for familiar faces and cannot assimilate a new face.
OBJECTIVE 9-7| Define stranger anxiety.
© Christina Kennedy/ PhotoEdit

17. Origins of Attachment
Attachment: positive emotional bond that develops between child and particular individual

18. Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin
Harry Harlow
Took infant monkey away from biological mother at birth
Gave baby monkey two options, wire “mother” that provided
milk and a cloth “mother” that was warm but no milk
Baby monkey spent most of time clinging to the cloth
“monkey” and went occasionally to wire “monkey” to nurse
Showed that attachment was about comfort
OBJECTIVE 9-8| Discuss the effects of nourishment, body contact, and familiarity on infant social attachment.
Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin

19. Implications of Harlow’s Research
This idea then was transferred to humans…that human attachment grows through the responsiveness of the infants’ caregivers to the signals the babies provide (like crying, smiling, reaching, etc.)
The more the caregiver responds, the more secure the attachment

20. Secure Attachment
Relaxed and attentive caregiving becomes the backbone of secure attachment.
Berry Hewlett

21. Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin
Insecure Attachment
Harlow’s studies showed that monkeys experience great anxiety if their terry-cloth mother was removed.
Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin

22. Mary Ainsworth Ainsworth strange situation
Test to measure level of attachment in which the mother and child enter an unfamiliar room…the mother lets the child explore while she sits down.
An adult stranger then enters as the mother leaves, the mother returns a short while later with the stranger leaving

23. Ainsworth’s Findings
Found that securely attached children use mom as a “home base”, exploring the room yet returning occasionally to her – when she leaves they show distress and go to her when she returns (60% of children)
Found that insecurely attached children react in a few different ways:
Avoidant – do not cry when mom leaves and avoid her when she returns
Ambivalent – display anxiety when mom is in room and are upset when mom leaves, but when she returns they may go to her while at the same time hitting or kicking her

24. Ainsworth’s Findings
Children who are securely attached tend to be more socially and emotionally “well-adjusted” and are seen as more cooperative, capable &playful
YET…children who lack a secure attachment do not always have difficulties later in life
attachment style is related to the social environment in which the children are raised

25. Parenting Styles Diana Baumrind
Authoritarian: are rigid, punitive and demand unquestioning obedience from children
They have strict standards and discourage expressions of disagreement
Children tend to be unsociable, unfriendly and withdrawn
Permissive: give children relaxed or inconsistent direction and although nice, require little of them
Children tend to be immature, moody, dependent and have low self-control
OBJECTIVE 9-12| Describe three parenting styles, and offer three potential explanations for the link between authoritative parenting and social competence.

26. Parenting Styles
Authoritative (democratic): are firm, setting limits and goals for their children, YET explain and using reasoning to set those limits – often let children have some role in making decisions/setting goals
They also encourage children’s independence
Children tend to be likeable, self-reliant, independent and cooperative
Uninvolved: show little interest in children and they are emotionally detached
They view parenting as nothing more than providing food, clothing and shelter for children – in most extreme form, uninvolved parents are guilty of neglect (a form of child abuse)
Children tend to feel unloved and emotionally detached

27. Parenting Style Which is the best parenting style???
The temperament or disposition of the child often has a lot of do with the parenting style used…so really it depends on the situation.