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Carbohydrates HW 1-2
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Uses of Sugars in Cells Source of carbon
(Building blocks) for molecules such as DNA Fuel – Energy source e.g. Combustion of glucose during cellular respiration
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Figure 5.3 The structure and classification of some monosaccharides
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Figure 5.3x Hexose sugars Glucose Galactose
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Figure 4.6 Three types of isomers
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Importance of Molecular Shapes
Our universe is three-dimensional – true properties of molecules can only be understood by looking at actual arrangements of molecules in space. Example application: Chiral molecules – most drugs contain a carbon bonded to 4 different other atoms or groups of atoms.
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Thalidomide – 1 form of drug treats morning sickness, the other causes mutations
Effect of thalidomide mutations
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Chiral Molecules – binding surfaces in your body recognize one arrangement but not the other
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Figure 5.4 Linear and ring forms of glucose
Link to glucose animation While often drawn as a linear skeleton, in aqueous solutions monosaccharides form rings
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IB Carbohydrate Memorize List
Disaccharides – maltose, lactose, sucrose – be able to recognize as disaccharides Be able to draw: ribose, α- glucose, and β- glucose
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Figure 5.5 Examples of disaccharide synthesis
HW 1-3 Link to disaccharides
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Lactose
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Polysaccharides – polymers linked by glycosidic bonds
Polysaccharides – polymers linked by glycosidic bonds. Typically 100’s or 1000’s of monomers in length Polysaccharides are formed by linking monomers together IMPORTANT GLUCOSE POLYMERS PLANTS ANIMALS PLANTS α-GLUCOSE α-GLUCOSE β-GLUCOSE STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE AMYLOSE AMYLOPECTIN
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Figure 5.7b,c Starch PLANTS Link to polysaccharides
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Figure 5.7a Starch and cellulose structures
IB MEMORIZE: RING FORMS Link to glucose animation Link to alpha beta forms
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Figure 5.7x Starch and cellulose molecular models
Glucose Glucose Cellulose Starch
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Figure 5.8 The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls
Link to cellulose
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Cellulose is passed through undigested in humans
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Figure 5.x1 Cellulose digestion: termite and Trichonympha
COWS HAVE BACTERIA IN THEIR INTESTINAL TRACT THAT CAN BREAKDOWN CELLULOSE
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PLANTS ANIMALS ENERGY STORAGE MOLECULES: PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Fig. 5-6 ENERGY STORAGE MOLECULES: PLANTS AND ANIMALS Chloroplast Starch Mitochondria Glycogen granules 0.5 µm 1 µm Amylose Glycogen 20-30% ; more resistant to digestion; more compact structure, better for long term energy storage Amylopectin Water soluble, easily digested (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide (a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide PLANTS ANIMALS
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STARCH FORMS: Amylose vs. Amylopectin
IB MEMORIZE LIST AMYLOSE: 20-30% of starch; more resistant to digestion; more compact structure, better for long term energy storage AMYLOPECTIN: 70-80% of starch; Water soluble, easily digested, better short-term energy
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Amylose and Amylopectin
Link to formation of starch Link to amylose form of starch Link to amylopectin form of starch 1-6 BRANCHES ≈ EVERY 30 GLUCOSE MOLECULES; LONG BRANCHES
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Glycogen (energy storage animals)
1 -6 branches ≈ every 10 glucose molecules; numerous relatively short branches Link to glycogen
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Comparison of Cellulose vs Starch vs Glycogen
Amylopectin 1,6 Branches ≈ every 30 glucose; often longer branches Glycogen 1,6 Branches ≈ every 10 glucose (shorter branches) Comparison of Cellulose vs Starch vs Glycogen
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Link to amylose form of starch
Link to amylopectin form of starch Link to glycogen Link to cellulose Link to formation of starch
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