1. Critical raw materials and their link to the EU & Global Challenges
Mark Mistry
Nickel Institute
Working Session on
Critical Raw Materials
Brussels
24th September 2013

2. Critical Raw Materials for future of EU (2010)
1.0079 H
Hydrogen He
Helium 3
6.941 Li
Lithium 49
114.82 In
Indium 31
69.723 Ga
Gallium 74
183.84 W
Tungsten 44
101.07 Ru
Ruthenium 41
92.906 Nb
Niobium 78
195.08 Ta
Tantalum 39
88.906 Y
Yttrium 21
44.956 Sc
Scandium 71
174.97 Lu
Lutetium 70
173.05 Yb
Ytterbium 69
168.93 Tm
Thulium 68
167.26 Er
Erbium 67
(164.93 Ho
Holmium 66
162.50 Dy
Dysprosium 65
158.93 Tb
Terbium 57
138.91 La
Lanthan 64
157.25 Gd
Gadolinium 63
151.96 Eu
Europium 62
150.36 Sm
Samarium 61
(145) Pm
Promethium 60
144.24 Nd
Neodym 59
140.91 Pr
Praesodym 58
140.12 Ce
Cer 51
121.76 Sb
Antimony 45
102.91 Rh
Rhodium 27
58.933 Co
Cobalt 77
192.22 Ir
Iridium 46
106.42 Pd
Palladium Pt
Platinum 76
190.23 Os
Osmium 4
9.0122 Be
Beryllium 12
24.035 Mg
Magnesium 4
9.0122 Be
Beryllium 4
9.0122 Be
Beryllium 5
10.811 B
Boron C
Carbon N
Nitrogen
,999 O
Oxygen F
Fluor Ne
Neon
+ Graphite
+ Fluorspar 11
22.290 Na
Sodium 12
24.035 Mg
Magnesium 12
24.035 Mg
Magnesium 13
26.982 Al
Aluminium 13
26.982 Al
Aluminium 14
28.086 Si
Silicon 15
30.974 P
Phosphorus 16
32.065 S
Sulphur 17
35.453 Cl
Chlor 18
39.948 Ar
Argon 19
39.098 K
Potassium 21
40.078 Ca
Calcium 21
44.956 Sc
Scandium 22
47.867 Ti
Titanium 23
50.942 V
Vanadium 23
50.942 V
Vanadium 24
51.996 Cr
Chromium 25
54.938 Mn
Manganese 25
54.938 Mn
Manganese 26
55.845 Fe
Iron 27
58.933 Co
Cobalt 27
58.933 Co
Cobalt 28
58.693 Ni
Nickel 28
58.693 Ni
Nickel 29
63.546 Cu
Copper 29
63.546 Cu
Copper 30
65.38 Zn
Zinc 30
65.38 Zn
Zinc 31
69.723 Ga
Gallium 32
72,64 Ge
Germanium 33
74.922 As
Arsenic 33
74.922 As
Arsenic 34
78.96 Se
Selenium 34
78.96 Se
Selenium 35
79.94 Br
Bromium 36
83.798 Kr
Krypton 37
85.468 Rb
Rubidium 38
87.62 Sr
Strontium 39
88.906 Y
Yttrium 40
91.224 Zr
Zirconium 41
92.906 Nb
Niobium 42
95.94 Mo
Molybdenum 42
95.94 Mo
Molybdenum 43
(98) Tc
Technetium 44
101.07 Ru
Ruthenium 45
102.91 Rh
Rhodium 45
102.91 Rh
Rhodium 46
106.42 Pd
Palladium 46
106.42 Pd
Palladium 47
107.87 Ag
Silver 47
107.87 Ag
Silver 48
112.41 Cd
Cadmium 48
112.41 Cd
Cadmium 49
114.82 In
Indium 50
118.71 Sn
Tin 50
118.71 Sn
Tin 51
121.76 Sb
Antimony 51
121.76 Sb
Antimony 52
127,60 Te
Tellurium 52
127,60 Te
Tellurium 53
126.90 I
Iodine 54
131.29 Xe
Xenon 55
132.91 Cs
Caesium
556
137.33 Ba
Barium
57-71
La-Lu
Lanthanides 72
178.49 Hf
Hafnium 78
195.08 Ta
Tantalum 74
183.84 W
Tungsten 75
186.21 Re
Rhenium 75
186.21 Re
Rhenium 76
190.23 Os
Osmium 76
190.23 Os
Osmium 77
192.22 Ir
Iridium 77
192.22 Ir
Iridium 78
195.08 Pt
Platinum 78
195.08 Pt
Platinum 79
196.97 Au
Gold 79
196.97 Au
Gold 80
200.59 Hg
Mercury 81
204.38 Tl
Thallium 82
207.2 Pb
Lead 82
207.2 Pb
Lead 83
208.98 Bi
Bismuth 83
208.98 Bi
Bismuth 84
(209) Po
Polonium 85
(210) At
Astatine 86
(222) Rn
Radon 87
(223) Fr
Francium 88
(226) Ra
Radium
89-103
Ac-Lr
Actinides
104
(267) Rf
Rutherfordium
110
(281) Db
Dubnium
106
(271) Sg
Seaborgium
107
(272) Bh
Bohrium
108
(277) Hs
Hassium
109
(276) Mt
Meitnerium
110
(281)
Uun
Ununnilium
111
(280)
Uuu
Ununnunium
112
(285)
Uub
Ununbium
114
(289)
Uuq
Ununquadum 57
138.91 La
Lanthan 58
140.12 Ce
Cer 59
140.91 Pr
Praesodym 60
144.24 Nd
Neodym 61
(145) Pm
Promethium 62
150.36 Sm
Samarium 63
151.96 Eu
Europium 64
157.25 Gd
Gadolinium 65
158.93 Tb
Terbium 66
162.50 Dy
Dysprosium 67
(164.93 Ho
Holmium 68
167.26 Er
Erbium 69
168.93 Tm
Thulium 70
173.05 Yb
Ytterbium 71
174.97 Lu
Lutetium 89
(227) Ac
Actinium 90
232.04 Th
Thorium 91
231.04 Pa
Proactinium 92
238.03 U
Uranium 93
((237)) Np
Neptunium 94
(244) Pu
Plutonium 95
(243) Am
Americium 96
(247) Cm
Curium 97
(247) Bk
Berkelium 98
(251) Cf
Californium 99
(252) Es
Einsteinium
100
(257) Fm
Fermium
101
(258) Md
Mendelevium
102
(259) No
Nobelium
103
(262) Lr
Lawrencium
Out of 41 investigated substances, there are 14 elements & element groups & substances with high economic importance & high supply risk

3. Critical Raw Materials for future of EU (2013 draft)49
114.82 In
Indium 5
10.811 B
Boron 13
26.982 Al
Aluminium 31
69.723 Ga
Gallium 81
204.38 Tl
Thallium 52
127,60 Te
Tellurium 84
(209) Po
Polonium 51
121.76 Sb
Antimony 33
74.922 As
Arsenic 83
208.98 Bi
Bismuth 50
118.71 Sn
Tin 14
28.086 Si
Silicon 32
72,64 Ge
Germanium 82
207.2 Pb
Lead 47
107.87 Ag
Silver 29
63.546 Cu
Copper 79
196.97 Au
Gold
111
(280)
Uuu
Ununnunium 48
112.41 Cd
Cadmium 30
65.38 Zn
Zinc 80
200.59 Hg
Mercury
114
(289)
Uuq
Ununquadum 3
6.941 Li
Lithium 1
1.0079 H
Hydrogen 11
22.290 Na
Sodium 87
(223) Fr
Francium 45
102.91 Rh
Rhodium 27
58.933 Co
Cobalt 77
192.22 Ir
Iridium
109
(276) Mt
Meitnerium 46
106.42 Pd
Palladium 28
58.693 Ni
Nickel 78
195.08 Pt
Platinum
110
(281)
Uun
Ununnilium 42
95.94 Mo
Molybdenum 24
51.996 Cr
Chromium 74
183.84 W
Tungsten
106
(271) Sg
Seaborgium 43
(98) Tc
Technetium 25
54.938 Mn
Manganese 75
186.21 Re
Rhenium
107
(272) Bh
Bohrium 44
101.07 Ru
Ruthenium 26
55.845 Fe
Iron 76
190.23 Os
Osmium
108
(277) Hs
Hassium 41
92.906 Nb
Niobium 23
50.942 V
Vanadium Ta
Tantalum Db
Dubnium
112
(285)
Uub
Ununbium 40
91.224 Zr
Zirconium 22
47.867 Ti
Titanium 72
178.49 Hf
Hafnium
104
(267) Rf
Rutherfordium 39
88.906 Y
Yttrium 21
44.956 Sc
Scandium
57-71
La-Lu
Lanthanides
103
(262) Lr
Lawrencium 4
9.0122 Be
Beryllium
40.078 Ca
Calcium 12
24.035 Mg
Magnesium 88
(226) Ra
Radium 37
85.468 Rb
Rubidium 19
39.098 K
Potassium 55
132.91 Cs
Caesium 38
87.62 Sr
Strontium
556
137.33 Ba
Barium
89-103
Ac-Lr
Actinides
102
(259) No
Nobelium
101
(258) Md
Mendelevium
100
(257) Fm
Fermium 99
(252) Es
Einsteinium 98
(251) Cf
Californium 97
(247) Bk
Berkelium 89
(227) Ac
Actinium 96 Cm
Curium 95
(243) Am
Americium 94
(244) Pu
Plutonium 93
((237)) Np
Neptunium 92
238.03 U
Uranium 91
231.04 Pa
Proactinium 90
232.04 Th
Thorium 71
174.97 Lu
Lutetium 70
173.05 Yb
Ytterbium 69
168.93 Tm
Thulium 68
167.26 Er
Erbium 67
(164.93 Ho
Holmium 66
162.50 Dy
Dysprosium 65
158.93 Tb
Terbium 57
138.91 La
Lanthan 64
157.25 Gd
Gadolinium 63
151.96 Eu
Europium 62
150.36 Sm
Samarium 61
(145) Pm
Promethium 60
144.24 Nd
Neodym 59
140.91 Pr
Praesodym 58
140.12 Ce
Cer He
Helium 54
131.29 Xe
Xenon Ne
Neon 18
39.948 Ar
Argon 36
83.798 Kr
Krypton 86
(222) Rn
Radon 53
126.90 I
Iodine F
Fluor 17
35.453 Cl
Chlor 35
79.94 Br
Bromium 85
(210) At
Astatine
,999 O
Oxygen 16
32.065 S
Sulphur 34
78.96 Se
Selenium N
Nitrogen 15
30.974 P
Phosphorus C
Carbon
+ Natural Graphite
+ Fluorspar
+ Phosphate Rocks
+ Magnesite
+ Borates
+ Coking Coal
Out of 52 investigated substances, there are 20 elements & element groups & substances with high economic importance & high supply risk

4. Is Nickel a critical raw material?
PGM
Nickel is not a “critical” raw material. But it is a host metal of critical raw materials occurring as by-products. This applies to many metals!

5. Criticality and raw materials
Number of critical raw materials changes
Close link between raw materials
Challenging & misleading to limit measures to few raw materials
Importance of & inter-linkages between all raw materials need to be recognized independent from status

6. 2050 Global Challenges Ageing Society Food Energy supply Transport
Population Growth
Water
Accomodation

7. All megatrends linked to significant raw materials demand
2050 Global Challenges
Implications
Access to (clean) water
Safe & clean energy supply
More & better food
Accomodate >9 billion people
Ensure Green transport
Accomodate ageing society
All megatrends linked to significant raw materials demand
Raw materials demand linked to megatrends will affect criticality of raw materials

8. 2050 EU vs. Global Challenges
Priorities differ:
Main population growth in Asia and Africa, outside EU
Global scale
Water
Food
Accomodation
Energy supply
Transport
European Commission Flagship Initiatives
be resource & energy efficient
Promote innovation
Ensure sustainable growth
Be smart
EU scale
Energy supply
Ageing society
Green transport
Water
Food

9. Example: Energy & raw materials demand
International Energy Agency Statistics online (2009)
Different scenarios to address challenges around energy supply and climate change

10. Example: Energy & raw materials demand
Publication of Leiden University investigated raw material demand linked to low carbon economy
Various technologies were investigated
Conclusion: demand of various base metals will significantly increase or multiply
Kleijn et al: Metal requirements of low carbon power generation
In: Energy (2011)
Addressing global challenges will result in a significant raw materials demand and affect criticality of raw materials

11. Can improved recycling satisfy the increasing raw materials demand?
Recycling for certain raw materials shows potential for improvement (e.g. REE)
For many metals the recycling efficiencies are already high (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Al, Pb...)
Recycling is important but cannot satify the enormous raw materials demand
Improving Recycling goes hand in hand with primary production but cannot replace it

12. Supply with raw materials is hampered by factors not being acknowledged in Criticality assessment
Precautionary Principle
Precautionary Principle
EU Environmental legislation
EU Chemicals Management Legislation
EU value chains with high economic importance & relevance in addressing challenges
EU Regulatory framework creates problems in satisfying raw materials demand of critical value chains

13. Raw materials supply: planning security is a key aspect
Raw materials demand will increase in order to address global challenges
Primary & secondary production will be needed
Satisfying the demand requires significant long term investment
Investment can only be taken if there is planning security
Companies need to have planning security to invest into raw materials supply and to consequently satisfy demand

14. Our r
Raw materials demand will increase in order to address global challenges
Primary & secondary production will be needed
Satisfying the demand requires significant long term investment
Investment can only be taken if there is planning security
Companies need to have planning security to invest into raw materials supply and to consequently satisfy demand

15. Our r
Raw materials demand will increase in order to address global challenges
Primary & secondary production will be needed
Satisfying the demand requires significant long term investment
Investment can only be taken if there is planning security
Companies need to have planning security to invest into raw materials supply and to consequently satisfy demand