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Carbohydrates
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Energy + structure molecules
OH H HO CH2OH O Carbohydrates Energy + structure molecules
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Outline Structure Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
Hexose sugars Pentose sugars Disaccharides Polysaccharides branching
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Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6 (CH2O)x C6H12O6 sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar carb = carbon hydr = hydrogen ate = oxygen compound monosaccharide polysaccharide disaccharide
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Sugars = FAST energy 6 5 3 Most names for sugars end in -ose
Classified by number of carbons 6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde) Glyceraldehyde H OH O C OH H HO CH2OH O Glucose H OH HO O Ribose CH2OH 6 5 3
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Sugar structure 5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution
Why a ring? To make it stable! Carbons are numbered
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C C O C C C C Numbered carbons
These will become important in DNA! 6' C O 5' C C 4' 1' energy stored in C-C bonds harvested in cellular respiration C C 3' 2'
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Functional Group Review
hydroxyl WHY can glucose dissolve in water?
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Simple vs. Complex Sugars
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides ENERGY STORAGE & STRUCTURE OH H HO CH2OH O FAST ENERGY
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MONOsaccharides Glucose, Miss Monosaccharide PENTOSE SUGARS
How many sugars? MONOsaccharides Glucose, Miss Monosaccharide PENTOSE SUGARS HEXOSE SUGARS Hommie #1: Fructose Hommie #2: Galactose Isomers = Same chemical formula (C6H12O6) but different arrangements
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DIsaccharides Formed by dehydration synthesis
How many sugars? DIsaccharides Formed by dehydration synthesis Glycosidic linkage is formed 3 major disaccharides:
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Maltose – used in beer brewing
Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides disaccharide H2O maltose | glucose | glucose | maltose glycosidic linkage
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Sucrose – table sugar Dehydration synthesis monosaccharides
disaccharide H2O | glucose | fructose | sucrose (table sugar) sucrose = table sugar
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Lactose – sugar found in milk
Dehydration synthesis between glucose + galactose Lactose-intolerance For lactose intolerance: Lactaid pills – laced with the enzyme that aids in dehydration synthesis Lactaid milk – lactose is already separated into simple monomers Instead of taking AWAY water, we should…
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Making and Breaking Biomolecules
dehydration synthesis (synthesis) = polymerization hydrolysis (digestion) = depolymerization
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POLYsaccharides Polymers of sugars Function:
How many sugars? POLYsaccharides Polymers of sugars costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy Function: energy storage structure Polysaccharides are polymers of hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides
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Digestion = Energy Release
Linear polysaccharide Which polysaccharide releases energy the fastest? Enzymes aid in the digestion of polysaccharides into monosaccharides Branched polysaccharides (like glycogen) allow for faster digestion and therefore faster energy release Faster digestion! = Faster energy release! Branched polysaccharide
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Polysaccharides – Energy Storage
Starch Glycogen Usually linear Slow energy release In plants! Usually branched Fast energy release In animals (liver, muscles)
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Polysaccahrides as Structural Molecules
Cellulose Chitin Cellulose – plant cell walls Chitin – fungi and arthropods Peptidoglycan - bacteria Peptidoglycan
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Let’s talk about digestion.
We eat a lot of carbohydrates… cellulose starch glucose
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
enzyme starch easy to digest cellulose hard to digest Starch = all the glycosidic linkage are on same side = molecule lies flat Cellulose = cross linking between OH (H bonds) = rigid structure enzyme only bacteria can digest
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Ways to Digest Cellulose
How can herbivores digest cellulose so well? BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals Humans can’t digest cellulose… so we poop it out. I should have eaten my fiber!
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