1. Chapter 14 – The High Middle Ages

2. Chapter 14 – The High Middle Ages

3. Section 1 – The Crusades Main Idea
The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain Christian control of the Holy Land, had a profound economic, political, and social impact on the societies involved.
Objectives
Why did the Europeans launch the Crusades?
What happened during the Crusades?
What were the effects of the Crusades?

4. I. Launching the Crusades
European Christians decided to take Jerusalem and Holy Land away from Muslims

5. I. Launching the Crusades
Late 1000s – Fatimids controlled Jerusalem; Turkish Muslims took control of SW Asia - persecuted visiting Christians

6. I. Launching the Crusades
1071 – Turks destroyed Byzantine army;
Emperor turned to Pope Urban II for help

7. I. Launching the Crusades
Council in Clermont, France - called for a Crusade against Turks; thousands volunteered

8. II. Fighting the Crusades
First Crusade; total of nine Crusades between 1096 and 1291

9. II. Fighting the Crusades
Two groups of Crusaders: peasants and knights

10. II. Fighting the Crusades
Peasants eager to fight any non-Christians - massacred Jews; defeated by Turkish army
In 1096 Peter the Hermit, a native of Amiens in France, led 20,000 commoners out of Cologne on the Peasants' Crusade. They sacked a number of Christian cities and killed many Jews before they reached Constantinople.

11. II. Fighting the Crusades
Knights traveled for three years; the siege of Jerusalem a victory for Crusaders; established four states in Holy Land

12. II. Fighting the Crusades
Muslims took city of Edessa; Second Crusade launched in a failure

13. II. Fighting the Crusades
Saladin overthrew Fatimids, became a sultan, drove Christians out of Jerusalem

14. II. Fighting the Crusades
1189 – Third Crusade launched by three kings; only Richard the Lion-Hearted fought in Holy Land

15. II. Fighting the Crusades
Richard and Saladin were enemies but respected each other; Richard unable to retake Jerusalem or Holy Land

16. II. Fighting the Crusades
Fourth Crusade failed; attacked Zara, a Christian city and were excommunicated; then sacked Constantinople

17. II. Fighting the Crusades
Five more Crusades, all were failures; by 1291 all Christians driven out of Holy Land

18. III. Effects of the Crusades
Economic changes: Crusades enhanced and increased trade; changing European economy

19. III. Effects of the Crusades
Political changes – many Crusaders died; kings/nobles took their land, gaining more power

20. III. Effects of the Crusades
Social Changes: Intolerance of other cultures - non-Christians became enemies, more persecution of Jews