1. By: Alex Benjamin Bruce
Gel Electrophoresis
By: Alex Benjamin Bruce

2. Restriction Enzyme
Restriction endonuclease (Restriction enzyme) is an enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence (restriction site). RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) are DNA fragments of different lengths generated by restriction enzyme from the same region of the genome.

3. Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Put the samples in the well and apply an electric current.
Stain the gel with a dye that binds to DNA.
The dye fluoresces under UV light.

4. Mechanism DNA has negative charged backbone.
DNA fragments are separated into two strands using agarose gel electrophoresis.
Strands move to the positive pole with different speed.
The strands are not visible until they are put under UV light.

5. Factors that affect the speed:
Molecular mass
(Most important)
Current (Voltage)
Gel density
DNA shape
(coil, super coil)
Dye
Buffer

6. Analyze Results to map P Male: both homozygous
Female: both heterozygous
F1:
Group 1: heterozygous
Group 2: homozygous
Group 3: recombinant(1,2,3)
Group 4: recombinant(1,2,4)
30 mu between two loci

7. Applications

8. Testing proteinuria
Proteinuria is the existence of too much protein in urine.
The lesion in this kind of cases can be found in glomerulus （if high molecular weight proteins existed) or its mesenchyme (if low molecular weight proteins was found)

9. Blood test Electrophoresis time shorter than normal
Low blood viscosity
Tumor or scorbutic
Electrophoresis time longer than normal
high blood viscosity
Thrombus or high blood pressure

10. Glycosylated hemoglobin
Glycosylated hemoglobin is a combination of blood sugar and hemoglobin
It was chemically stable, therefore the level of this can represent the long term blood sugar level

11. Thank you