1. Cell Membrane and Transport Mechanisms

2. Cell Membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model - proteins embedded in a phospholipid bilayer.

3. Cell Membrane Phospholipid: 1 head and 2 tails
Polar head attract water - hydrophilic
Non-polar tails repel water -hydrophobic

4. Cell Membrane Bilayer: 2 layers of phospholipids
The polar heads stay on the outside and the tails stay on the inside.

5. Cell Membrane Cell surface proteins
a. Channel proteins - transport food and other molecules into the cell and transport wastes out of the cells.
b. Receptor proteins - gather information about the cell’s surroundings.
c. Cell surface markers - identify the type of cell, important for cell recognition.

6. Cell Membrane Permeability of the cell membrane
1. Semi permeable/selectively permeable - only certain substances can pass across the membrane.
2. Factors that determine whether a molecule can pass through a membrane or not:
a. size
b. type (polar, non-polar)

7. Transport Mechanisms
Transport Mechanisms - moving material in and out of the cell
Concentration gradient - the difference in the amount of a substance inside and outside of the cell
1. Going “with the gradient”-moving from high to low concentration
2. Going “against the gradient”-moving from low to high concentration
3. Equilibrium exists when the concentration of molecules is the same throughout a space (inside and outside the cell)

8. Transport Mechanisms
Two categories of transport based on concentration gradient and the need for energy
1. Passive transport that does not require energy, goes with the gradient.
Example = diffusion and osmosis
2. Active transport requires energy, goes against the gradient.

9. Passive Transport Mechanisms
Diffusion - movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Example: smoke across a room, food coloring dropped into water, oxygen in lungs

10. Passive Transport Mechanisms
Diffusion -

11. Passive Transport Mechanisms
Osmosis - diffusion of water
Direction of osmosis-the direction of water flow depends upon the concentration of solute and solvent (water)
Tonicity-term used to compare 2 solutions (usually the inside and the outside of the cell)
a. Hypotonic - less solute (more water)
b. Hypertonic - more solute (less water)
c. Isotonic - equal amounts of solute and water

12. Passive Transport Mechanisms
Osmosis - diffusion of water
Water will flow from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution
Will water move in an isotonic solution? Yes, but it won’t be noticeable-equilibrium is established

13. Passive Transport Mechanisms
Osmosis - diffusion of water
Turgor pressure/osmotic pressure-pressure due to water in cell.
Analogy: air pressure in a tire.
When a cell has high turgor pressure, it is bigger and stiffer. When a cell has low turgor pressure, it is smaller and flimsy.

14. Passive Transport Mechanisms
Click to: See osmosis in action

15. Passive Transport Mechanisms
Plasmolysis - wilting of a cell due to loss of turgor pressure
Cytolysis - bursting of a cell due to an increase in turgor pressure.
How do plant cells avoid cytolysis? Cell walls
How do unicellular freshwater organisms avoid bursting? Contractile vacuoles.

16. Passive Transport Mechanisms

17. Passive Transport Mechanisms

18. Passive Transport Mechanisms
Facilitated diffusion - transport of specific molecules across a membrane with the help of a channel protein
An example of a molecule that is often transported in this manner is glucose

19. Passive Transport Mechanisms
Click to: see facilitated diffusion

20. Passive Transport Mechanisms
Click below to: Go to the passive transport animation!!!

21. Active Transport Mechanism
Active Transport Mechanism (requires energy in the form of ATP)
Sodium-potassium pump - pumps sodium ions out and forces potassium ions in. Important for conducting nerve impulses and muscle contraction.

22. Active Transport Mechanism
Sodium-potassium pump - 1. 4. 3. 2.

23. Active Transport Mechanism
Click to: Check out the animation of the Sodium – Potassium Pump

24. Active Transport Mechanism
Proton pump-transport protons through membranes of chloroplasts and mitochondria

25. Active Transport Mechanism
Endocytosis - process of bringing larger molecules into the cell by engulfing them.
1. Pinocytosis – liquids
2. Phagocytosis - solids (amoebas eat this way, white blood cell engulf bacteria

26. Active Transport Mechanism
Click to: see phagocytosis

27. Active Transport Mechanism
Excocytosis - discharge of wastes, hormones or other larger molecules out of the cell (opposite of endocytosis)

28. Active Transport Mechanism
Click to: see exocytosis

29. How Cells Communicate Organ system involved in communication
1. Endocrine system - releases hormones (protein) for communication
2. Nervous system - releases neurotransmitters to other nerve cells or to muscle cells.

30. How Cells Communicate Receptors
1. Receptors - are proteins that are or the cell membrane surface - they send messages to the inside of the cell when they encounter certain molecules outside of the cell.
2. Chemically gated channels - a chemical trigger transmits information.
3. Voltage gated channel - an electrical signal transmits information along nerve cells.

31. Active Transport Mechanisms
Click below to: Go to the active transport animation!!!

32. Cell Membrane and Transport Mechanisms
Unit 4, Part 2 Notes
Cell Membrane and Transport Mechanisms