1. New self-created independent states
(e.g. Saudi Arabia, Turkey)
New independent states created under colonial
powers (e.g. Iraq)
New states still under colonial control
(e.g. Lebanon, Syria, Palestine
Transjordan [mod. Jordan])

2. Map Link: The Middle East in the Inter-War Period:
<

3. 1798-1801 French occupation of Egypt
Reign of Muhammad ‘Ali
Construction of Suez Canal
1882 Egyptian army seizes control of
government. British intervene and
take control of state
Reign of ‘Abbas Hilmi II

4. Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (d. 1897) Muhammad Abduh (d. 1905)
Muhammad Tawfiq (r )
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (d. 1897)
Muhammad Abduh (d. 1905)
Evelyn Baring, Lord Cromer (d. 1917)
Mustafa Kamil (d. 1908)

5. May 1906 Dinshaway incident
1913 New Legislative Assembly set up in
Egypt. Abduh’s Umma (Nation) party
takes majority
World War I
1917 British start drafting Egyptians into
army

6. 1918 Sa‘d Zaghlul (d. 1927) demands
permission to take his Wafd (delegation)
to London to discuss independence
- refused
1919 Deportation of Zaghlul and co. leads to
Egyptian riots

7. 1919 British allow Zaghlul and co. to attend
Paris Peace Conference, but they are
ignored
1922 British grant Egypt independence

8. 1923 Constitution set up. Former Ottoman
governor Fu’ad I becomes king.
Parliament headed by Zaghlul and Wafd
1924 British head of Egyptian army killed.
Zaghlul resigns

9. 1930 Ismail Sidqi becomes Prime Minister.
Sets up new constitution to bar Wafdists
from power and give self effective
dictatorship
1933 King dismisses Sidqi
1935 Constitution of 1923 re-issued in face of
popular pressure
1936 Wafd sweeps elections. Treaty made
with British

10. Hasan al-Banna ( )
1928 Hasan al-Banna sets up Muslim
Brotherhood
Welfare programmes
“Secret Apparatus”

11. 1948 Egyptian Prime Minister assassinated
by Muslim Brother
1949 Hasan al-Banna killed. Government
does not investigate

12. Nationalism in both secular and religious
forms
Role of public opinion

13. Hasan al-Banna ( )
Muhammad Iqbal ( )
Abu’l A‘la Mawdudi ( )