1. Call the trusted professionals at
NEED A JOB DONE?
Call the trusted professionals at
ENZYME, Inc.
845-CAT-ALYST
ENZYMES
Need a shed built? xSHED
Need a garage demolished? xRUBBLE
Need a toilet replaced? xPOTTY
How about fix a leaky roof? xLEAK

2. Need a job done? Enzymes! How do things “change” in your body?
How are proteins built?
How are starches digested?
What causes these Chemical Reactions?
Enzymes!
Enzymes are catalysts.

3. Enzymes Enzymes are protein catalysts
Enzymes help all chemical reactions occur
A catalyst gets things going!
Enzymes control the rate of all chemical reactions!

4. Lock and Key
When you go home at night and the door is locked, can it open itself?
Nope.
Can you use your mom’s car key to open it?
No.
You need a key that is just the right shape to fit in that lock. Otherwise, you're stuck in the cold.
And you had best start building that igloo!!!

5. Specificity Enzymes work in a similar way (locks and keys).
Enzymes complete very specific jobs and do nothing else.
They are very specific “locks” and the compounds they work with are the special keys (they are called “substrates”).
Substrates are the raw materials needed to make a product

6. Different Enzymes
In the same way that there are door keys, car keys, and bike-lock keys, for every different door, car and bike lock…
There are enzymes for every different reaction that has to occur in living things.

7. So?
The TYPE of chemical reactions that occur in cells depends on the TYPE of enzymes present in the cell!
Enzymes are SPECIFIC to the reaction
And, Enzymes can be used over and over and over and … you get the idea!
Back to ENZYME, Inc…….

8. Call 888-CAT-ALYST When you need a job done, you call ENZYME, Inc.
The “operator” decides which contractor to send to complete the job

9. Contractor The contractor visits the site and finds the raw materials
He begins working on the job assigned (he’s part of the “job” so he’s now the “enzyme substrate complex”)
The raw materials are now a final product
When he’s done… he walks away in search of another job.

10. Here’s the deal…. There are four steps in the process:
An enzyme and a substrate are in the same area
Nothing can happen if they never meet
each other!
I’m your friend,
Hi,
Enzyme.
Nice to meet you,
I’m Substrate.

11. The enzyme bonds with the substrate at a special area called the active site.
The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate.
The active site is the keyhole of the lock.

12. Enzyme-Substrate Complex
A “complex” made up of a substrate bound to the active site of an enzyme
The enzyme and substrate BIND together
LETTER C

13. The enzyme lets go because it’s job is done!
Enzymes are never changed in the reaction.
Only the substrate (raw material) changes.
The substrate is now a product.
Which is the Enzyme-Substrate Complex?
A, B, or C B A C

14. Can you stop them?
What if enzymes just kept going and converted every molecule in the world?
What if they never stopped... like some evil monster???
Enzyme activity is regulated (and even stopped) by:
Temperature
pH levels
ACK! It’s the Evil
Enzyme Monster!

15. Activation Energy
Enzymes function by lowering the activation energy of reactions.
Range B is the “activation energy” required to get the reaction “over the hump”…

16. The Rate of Chemical Reactions
The rate (how fast or slow) of chemical reactions is directly controlled by the enzymes present.
And, if enzymes are affected by certain factors, then…the chemical reaction rate is affected as well!

17. Enzyme Activity and Temp/pH
The activity of enzymes is affected by changes in pH and temperature.
Each enzyme works best at a certain pH (left graph) and temperature (right graph), its activity decreases above and below that “optimum” point.
What does optimum mean?

18. Why does this happen? Remember! Enzymes are PROTEINS
Proteins are DENATURED by pH and Temperature extremes
Denaturing means “de”stroying the “natur”al shape (the way the protein is folded)
If the protein unfolds, it loses it shape
If it loses its shape, it loses its ability to function!
Structure and Function go
hand in hand!

19. Enzyme Names Enzymes are named after the substrate they can act upon
Plus, most of them end in “ase”!
For example:
Protease breaks down protein
Lipase breaks down lipids (fat)
Amylase break down starches and other carbohydrates
Amyl is Greek for starch!
What do you think Cellulase breaks down?
Hint: humans lack this enzyme!
_______________

20. This is how it works… The enzyme can be reused!
The enzyme is a biological catalyst!

21. An Example Sucrose + H2O Glucose + Fructose Substrates
What do you think the name of this enzyme is???
Hint: It works on “Sucrose”!!!
Products

22. Enzymes and Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal balance
A “steady state”
In living things, homeostasis depends on enzyme function.
Enzymes can break up harmful substances that might disrupt homeostasis.
And homeostasis maintains conditions necessary for enzymes to function.

23. Summary
Enzymes are proteins (made of amino acids) and can be denatured by temperature and pH.
They are polypeptide chains!
Enzymes are catalysts, substances that change the rate of a chemical reaction.
Enzymes are unchanged by the reaction (which is why they can be reused over and over again)!
Enzymes are named after their substrates.
The name for an enzyme generally ends in “ase”.