1. CHAPTER 6: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• Stress and strain: What are they and why are
they used instead of load and deformation?
• Elastic behavior: When loads are small, how much
deformation occurs? What materials deform least?
• Plastic behavior: At what point do dislocations
cause permanent deformation? What materials are
most resistant to permanent deformation?
• Toughness and ductility: What are they and how
do we measure them? 1

2. ELASTIC DEFORMATION 1. Initial 2. Small load 3. Unload Example: metals
Elastic means reversible!
Example: rubber 2

3. PLASTIC DEFORMATION (METALS)
1. Initial
2. Small load
3. Unload
Plastic means permanent! 3

4. ENGINEERING STRESS • Tensile stress, s: • Shear stress, t:
Stress has units:
N/m2 or lb/in2 4

5. ENGINEERING STRESS 4

6. COMMON STATES OF STRESS
• Simple tension: cable
Ski lift (photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)
• Simple shear: drive shaft
Note: t = M/AcR here. 5

7. OTHER COMMON STRESS STATES (1)
• Simple compression:
(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson)
Note: compressive
structure member
(s < 0 here).
(photo courtesy P.M. Anderson) 6

8. OTHER COMMON STRESS STATES (2)
• Bi-axial tension:
• Hydrostatic compression:
Pressurized tank
(photo courtesy
P.M. Anderson)
(photo courtesy
P.M. Anderson)
s < 0 h 7

9. ENGINEERING STRAIN • Tensile strain: • Lateral strain: • Shear strain:
Strain is always
dimensionless. 8

10. STRESS-STRAIN TESTING
• Typical tensile specimen
• Typical tensile
test machine
Adapted from Fig. 6.2,
Callister 6e.
• Other types of tests:
--compression: brittle
materials (e.g., concrete)
--torsion: cylindrical tubes,
shafts.
Adapted from Fig. 6.3, Callister 6e. (Fig. 6.3 is taken from H.W. Hayden, W.G. Moffatt, and J. Wulff, The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. III, Mechanical Behavior, p. 2, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1965.) 9

11. LINEAR ELASTIC PROPERTIES
• Modulus of Elasticity, E:
(also known as Young's modulus)
• Hooke's Law:
s = E e
• Poisson's ratio, n:
metals: n ~ 0.33
ceramics: ~0.25
polymers: ~0.40
Units:
E: [GPa] or [psi]
n: dimensionless 10

12. LINEAR ELASTIC PROPERTIES
• Modulus of Elasticity, E:
(also known as Young's modulus)
• Hooke's Law:
Units:
E: [GPa] or [psi]
s = E e
E  (dF/dr)ro
Note: E is a function of temperature in general 10

13. Other Definitions of E in case of Non-linear Elastic behavior10

14. OTHER ELASTIC PROPERTIES
• Elastic Shear
modulus, G:
simple
torsion
test
t = G g
• Elastic Bulk
modulus, K:
pressure
test: Init.
vol =Vo.
Vol chg.
= DV
• Special relations for isotropic materials: 11

15. YOUNG’S MODULI: COMPARISON
Graphite
Ceramics
Semicond
Metals
Alloys
Composites
/fibers
Polymers
E(GPa)
Based on data in Table B2,
Callister 6e.
Composite data based on
reinforced epoxy with 60 vol%
of aligned
carbon (CFRE),
aramid (AFRE), or
glass (GFRE)
fibers. 12

16. USEFUL LINEAR ELASTIC RELATIONS
• Simple tension:
• Simple torsion:
• Material, geometric, and loading parameters all
contribute to deflection.
• Larger elastic moduli minimize elastic deflection. 13