1. Homework #4 is due 12/3/07 (only if needed)
Bonus #2 posted
Year End Topics:
mtDNA
Mapping
Probability
Evolution and the Origin of Humans

2. Genotype
Phenotype
Dominant
Recessive

3. It is rarely this simple.
Genotype
Phenotype
Genes code for proteins (or RNA). These gene products give rise to traits…
It is rarely this simple.
Figs

4. The relationship between genes and traits is often complex
Complexities include:
Complex relationships between alleles
Multiple genes controlling one trait
One gene controlling multiple traits
Environmental effects

5. Is this all of your DNA?

6. Mitochondria have their own DNA.
Fig 3.18

7. Both Mitochondria and Chloroplast have DNA
Fig 3.19

8. Endosymbiotic Theory - proposed origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts from free-living bacteria to cellular organelles

9. Human
Life
Cycle
Combination of two individuals DNA

10. Only the egg provides mitochondria to the offspring.
Pg 112

11. Human
Life
Cycle
In females Mom provides % and Dad provides % of DNA to offspring.
… because Mom provides 100% of mitochondrial DNA

12. A few diseases are caused by mutations in mtDNA
Fig 3.24

13. Pedigree of a mitochondrial disease: Which shape represents females?
Fig 3.25

14. Pedigree of a mitochondrial disease:
Males and females may be affected by a disease coded on mtDNA, but only females pass it on.
Fig 3.25

15. Mitochondrial DNA comparisons can be used to trace ancestry:

16. During the Bolshevik revolution, the Tsar’s family was captured and executed.

17. There are many stories about what happened to their youngest daughter Anastasia
Tsar’s Family

19. Anna Anderson, claimed she was Anastasia

20. Anna Anderson claimed she was Anastasia, but tests of her mtDNA and one of Anastasia’s maternal relatives did not match.

21. For more info check out: http://en. wikipedia
Or the book “Seven Daughters of Eve” by Bryan Sykes

22. Next week for our final lecture of the semester, we will look at what DNA can tell us about the origins of Homo sapiens.

23. Variation in Peas
Fig 3.2

24. Phenotype
Genotype
Fig 3.3

25. Tracking two separate genes, for two separate traits, each with two alleles.
Ratio of 9:3:3:1
Fig 3.4

26. Approximate position of seed color and shape genes in peas
Gene for seed color Y y r R
Gene for seed shape
Chrom. 1/7
Chrom. 7/7

27. Recombinants are meiotic output different from meiotic input
Fig 3.11

28. Linked alleles tend to be inherited together
Fig 4.2

29. Crossing over produces new allelic combinations
Fig 4.3

30. Recombinants are produced by crossovers
Fig 4.7

31. Box 2.2
Crossing-over
Meiosis:
In humans, crossing-over and independent assortment lead to over 1 trillion possible unique gametes.
(1,000,000,000,000)
Meiosis I
(Ind. Assort.)
Meiosis II
4 Haploid cells, each unique

32. For linked genes, recombinant frequencies are less than 50 percent
Fig 4.8

33. Homologous
pair of chromosomes

34. Does this pedigree show linkage?
Fig 4.23

35. Does this pedigree show linkage?
Fig 4.23

36. The probability of crossing over can be used to determine the spatial relationship of different genes
Fig 4.9

37. Homework #4 is due 12/3/07 (only if needed)
Bonus #2 posted
Year End Topics:
mtDNA
Mapping
Probability
Evolution and the Origin of Humans