1. Mutations

2. What is a mutation?
Mutation – A change in the DNA that affects inherited genetic information
They may be gene mutations which result from single gene changes, or chromosome mutations.
Mutations may be positive, negative or neutral.
Mutations drive evolution.

3. Mutagens A substance that causes mutations. chemicals
ionizing radiation
UV rays
X-rays

4. GENE MUTATIONS VOCABULARY
Deletion/subtraction
Insertion/addition
(reading)frame shift
substitution
point mutations

5. Deletion (subtraction)
If one nucleotide is removed, all the codons from that point are changed. (This results in different amino acids in the protein, which may not be effective for its intended purpose.)
This is known as a (reading frame shift) a frame shift.

6. Modern Biology Text Book (Holt)

7. A deletion with no frame shift:
If a three-base codon is deleted, then there is no frame shift, but there will still be a problem with the protein formed. This is what happens to cause the disorder
cystic fibrosis.

8. Cystic Fibrosis, or CF, is a common fatal genetic disease.
CF is most common among people whose ancestors came from Northern Europe. The disease is caused by a recessive allele on Chromosome #7.

9. Children with CF have serious digestive problems
Children with CF have serious digestive problems. In addition, they produce a thick, heavy mucus that clogs their lungs and breathing passageways. The disease takes a heavy toll. Only half of the children born with Cystic fibrosis survive into their 20s.

10. HOW DOES DELETION CAUSE CF?
A protein in the membrane of cells allows chlorine ions (Cl-) to pass across biological membranes.
Most cases of CF involve a deletion of a codon from the gene for this protein.

11. As a result, the protein does not fold properly
As a result, the protein does not fold properly. Therefore it cannot be transported to the cell membrane and is destroyed.
Because of this cells do not transport chlorine ions properly and tissue throughout the body malfunction
Modern Biology Text Book (Holt)

12. Insertion (addition)
The addition of a nucleotide changes the codons, and therefore the amino acids in the protein.
A frame-shift occurs here as well.

13. Modern Biology Text Book (Holt)

14. SUBSTITUTION
It effects one nucleotide. No frame shift occurs. One or more bases are changed.
A famous example is the substitution that causes sickle-cell anemia.

15. Sickle cell anemia is a defect in the hemoglobin of blood cells that causes then to assume a sickle shape. This causes clotting and organ damage. A person with sickle-cell anemia may die as a young adult.

16. The substitution that occurs in sickle-cell anemia causes the amino acid valine to be substituted for the amino acid gluatamic acid in the hemoglobin protein.
Valine causes a portion of the Red blood cell
to become hydrophobic and twist out of
shape to avoid the water in the blood plasma.

17. Modern Biology Text Book (Holt)

18. Substitutions are point mutations
A point mutation, or single base substitution, is a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material.

19. Point Mutations can be:
nonsense mutations: code for the stop codon
missense mutations: code for a different amino acid
silent mutations (neutral) : code for the same or a different amino acid but without any functional change in the protein

20. Chromosome mutations Deletion: loss of part of a chromosome
Duplication: a repeated segment of a
Modern Biology Text Book (Holt)

21. Inversion: a portion of the chromosome is reversed in its orientation
Modern Biology Text Book (Holt)

22. Translocation: one part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another non-homologous chromosome.
Usually, two translocations happen at the same time as the nonhomologous chromosomes exchange portions.
Modern Biology Text Book (Holt)