1. Chapter 11 Sex and Gender Sex: The Biological Dimension
Gender: The Cultural Dimension
Gender Stratification in Historical and Contemporary Perspective
Gender and Socialization
Contemporary Gender Inequality
Perspectives on Gender Stratification
Gender Issues in the Future

2. Perception of Body Weight: Hesse-Biber study
Women overestimated their weights and thought their bodies were heavier than the medically desirable weights.
Over 3/4 of women but less than 1/3 of males ever dieted.
50% of the men were content with their body image compared to 37% of the women.

3. Social Significance of Gender
Gender stereotypes hold that men and women are different in attributes, behavior and aspirations.
Men: strong, rational, dominant, independent, less concerned with appearance.
Women: weak, emotional, nurturing, dependent, anxious about appearance.

4. Sexism Directed at Women
Three components
Negative attitudes toward women
Stereotypical beliefs that reinforce, complement or justify the prejudice
Discrimination - acts that exclude, distance, or keep women separate.

5. Gendered Division of Labor
Three factors:
Type of subsistence base.
Supply of and demand for labor.
The extent to which women's child-rearing activities are compatible with certain types of work.

6. Agents of Gender Socialization
Parents
Peers
Teachers and schools
Sports
Mass Media

7. Parents and Gender Socialization
Children's clothing and toys reflect their parents' gender expectations.
Children are often assigned household tasks according to gender.

8. Peers and Gender Socialization
Peers help children learn gender‑appropriate and inappropriate behavior.
During adolescence, peers often are more effective at gender socialization than adults.
College student peers play an important role in career choices and the establishment of long term, intimate relationships.

9. Teachers and Schools and Gender Socialization
Teachers provide messages about gender through classroom assignments and informal interactions with students.
Teachers may unintentionally show favoritism toward one gender over the other.

10. Sports and Gender Socialization
From elementary school through high school:
Boys play football.
Girls are cheerleaders, members of the drill team, and homecoming queens.
For many males, sports is a training ground for masculinity.

11. Mass Media and Gender Socialization
On television:
Male characters typically are more aggressive, constructive, and direct.
Females are deferential toward others or use manipulation to get their way.

12. Functionalist Perspectives
The division of family labor ensures that important societal tasks will be fulfilled.
The human capital model - people vary in the education and training they bring to the labor market.
What people earn is the result of their choices and the demand for certain kinds of workers.

13. Conflict Perspectives
Gendered division of labor results from male dominance over women and resources.
Even in industrial societies, men are considered the head of household.
Men hold more power because they are predominate in highly paid and prestigious occupations and elected offices.