1. Vertebrates-Review
May, 2017

2. Vertebrates
Vertebrates
Animals with a backbone

3. Vertebrates Phylum: Chordata Characteristics Backbone
Backbone (vertebrate) surrounds and protects a nerve cord
Skull and vertebrate are made of either bone or cartilage

4. Vertebrate Characteristics (cont)
4. Endotherms (warm-blooded animals) that maintained a constant body temperature
5. Ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) that body temperature changes with their environment

5. Fish Class Examples- minnows, blue gills, clown fish Characteristics
1. Fins- (usually paired) help the fish move steer, stop, and balance
2. scales- plates that protect the body
3. Well developed sense of vision, hearing, taste, and smell
4. lateral line system- row of sense organs

6. Fish Class Characteristics 5. Breathe with gills
6. External and internal fertilization
Make sure you know the difference between
Ovoviviparous
Oviparous
Viviparous

7. 3 classes of fish
1. Class Agnatha-Jawless fish- eel like fish, smooth, slimy, no jaw
2. Class Chondrichthyes-Cartilaginous fishes- have cartilage, no bones, strong jaws. SHARKS!
3. Class Osteichthyes- Bony fishes- bony skeleton, can float in place without swimming because they have a swim bladder
Swim bladder- balloon like organ filled with oxygen and other gases that gives the fish buoyancy

8. Amphibian Class
Amphibians evolved from fish and to adapt to life on land they needed lungs for breathing
Lung- saclike organ that takes oxygen from the air and delivers it to the blood

9. Amphibian Characteristics
1. Amphibian means “double life” because they live in water and on land
2. Eggs do not have a shell or membrane to prevent water loss so they are laid in water
3. Ectothermic
4. Skin is smooth and slimy
5. They don’t drink water, they absorb it through their skin

10. Amphibian Characteristics (cont.)
6. breath by taking air into their lungs and they absorb it through their skin
7. Their skin is so thin and moist they must live in water or in damp habitats
8. Their skin is brightly colored to warn predators away. This is called warning coloration.
9. 3 chambered heart

11. Metamorphosis
Frog Metamorphosis

12. Kinds of Amphibians
1. Caecilians- shaped like worms or snakes, they have no legs. They live in tropical areas
2. Salamanders- live under stones or logs in damp woods

13. Kinds of Amphibians
3. Frogs and toads have powerful legs for jumping, well developed ears for hearing, sticky tongues, and vocal cords for calling

14. Reptiles
1. Some amphibians evolved special traits that prepared them for life in a drier environment
2. They developed thick, dry skin that protected them from water loss
3. Their legs were stronger so they could walk and they evolved a special egg (amniotic egg) that could survive on dry land

15. Reptile Characteristics
1. Some reptiles live in water but they use lungs to breathe air
2. Thick dry skin, that is water tight and prevents losing water by evaporation
3. Ectothermic
4. Amniotic egg-surrounded by a shell that protects an developing embryo (most important adaptation)
5. Internal fertilization
6. 3 chamber heart

16. Types of Reptiles 1. Turtles and Tortoises
2. Crocodiles and Alligators
3. Lizards
4. Snakes

17. Oldest living reptile

18. Birds
1. Class: Aves
2. Birds are thought to be descendants of dinosaurs
3. Share some characteristics with reptiles
A. Bird legs and feet are covered with thick dry scales like reptiles
B. Both have amniotic eggs with a shell

19. Bird Characteristics 1. Beaks instead of teeth or jaws 2. Feathers
3. Wings
4. Need a lot of energy to be able to fly
5. Eat large amounts of food

20. Bird Characteristics
6. Air Sacs- special sacs attached to the lungs that increases the amount of oxygen that birds can take in
7. Lighter skeletons- hollow bones
8. 4 chamber heart
9. Endothermic

21. Kinds of Birds 1. Flightless Birds- ratites
A. penguins
B. ostrich
2. Water Birds-have preen glands
A. ducks
B. loons
3. Birds of Prey
A. owls
B. hawks

22. Kinds of Birds 4. Perching birds 5. Non Perching birds A. cardinal
B. chickadees
5. Non Perching birds
A. red-bellied wood pecker

23. Mammals

24. Characteristics of Mammals
1. Mammary glands- secrete nutritious milk
2. Endothermic
3. Hair somewhere on their bodies
4. Specialized teeth- dentition
5. 4 chamber heart
6. Large brains

25. Characteristics of Mammals
7. Require oxygen to burn or break down the food they eat
8. Diaphragm- muscle at the bottom of the rib cage that moves and helps with inhaling and exhaling
9. Produce sexually

26. Kinds of Mammals 1. Monotremes- mammals that lay eggs
A. have mammary glands
B. echidnas
C. duckbilled platypus

27. Kinds of Mammals 2. Marsupials- mammals with pouches
A. have mammary glands
B. opossums
C. kangaroos
D. koalas
E. Tasmanian devils

28. Kinds of Mammals
3. Placental-embryos stay in an organ called an uterus in the mother. The placenta in the uterus supplies food and oxygen to the embryo.
Examples
Pigs
Horses
Dolphins
Whales
Humans