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Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease: Learning the Language
Chapter 1 Anatomy, Physiology, & Disease: Learning the Language
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Multimedia Directory Slide 30 Medical Specialties Video
Slide 43 Vital Signs Video 1 Slide 44 Vital Signs Video 2 Slide 45 Blood Pressure Animation Slide 46 Rectal Temperature Video Slide 47 Axillary Temperature Video Slide 48 Tympanic Temperature Video Slide 49 Radial Pulse Video Slide 67 Hand Washing and Gloving Video Slide 68 Hand Washing with Antiseptic Video Slide 69 Hand Washing with Water Video Slide 70 Gowning Video 2
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Multimedia Directory (cont’d)
Slide 71 Using Masks Video Slide 72 Capping Video Slide 73 Sterile Gloving Video Slide 74 Protective Eyewear Video Slide 82 Cervical Injury Animation Slide 83 Medical Assisting Video Slide 84 Health Information Management Video Slide 85 Medical Transcription Video 3
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Introduction Health professionals speak a foreign language called medical terminology This chapter lays the foundation for learning this new language Future chapters build upon the foundation that begins here, so at journey’s end you will not only understand anatomy, physiology, and disease, but be fluent in the language 4
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Learning Objectives Understand the terms anatomy, physiology, and disease and various related areas Relate the importance and purpose of medical terminology to anatomy, physiology, and disease Construct and define medical terms using word roots, prefixes, and suffixes Explain the concept and importance of homeostasis 5
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Learning Objectives (cont’d)
Contrast the metabolic processes of anabolism and catabolism Relate signs and symptoms to the disease process Discuss disease concepts related to the body’s defense mechanism Contrast routes of transmission of disease and appropriate preventative measures 6
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Pronunciation Guide (ah NA bow lizm) Anabolism (ah NA tom ee) Anatomy
Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation. Anabolism Anatomy Catabolism Diagnosis Epidemiology Etiology Homeostasis Idiopathic (ah NA bow lizm) (ah NA tom ee) (ka TA bow lizm) (Dye ahg NOH siss) (EP uh dee me ALL oh jee) (ee tee ALL oh jee) (hoh mee oh STAY siss) (ID ee oh path ick) 7
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Pronunciation Guide (cont’d)
Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation. Macroscopic Anatomy Metabolism Microscopic Anatomy Nosocomial Organism Pathology Physiology Prognosis Syndrome (MAK roh scop ic ah NA tom ee) (me TA bow lizm) (MY kroh scop ic ah NA tom ee) (NOHS oh koh me al) (OR gan iz em) (path ALL oh jee) (fiz ee ALL oh jee) (prog NOH siss) (SIN drohm) 8
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Anatomy Anatomy: study of internal and external structures of the human body Human body is complex and amazing; to truly understand it you must know how it is put together Anatomy is a Greek word meaning “to cut apart” Specialties within field of anatomy include microscopic anatomy and macroscopic (gross) anatomy 9
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Microscopic Anatomy Specialized field of anatomy
Study of structures that can only be seen and studied with magnification aids such as a microscope Study of cellular structures: cytology Study of tissue samples: histology 10
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Macroscopic Anatomy Also called gross anatomy
Study of structures of the body visible to the naked, or unaided, eye Examples include: Study of the skeletal system Looking at an X-ray (radiology) 11
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Physiology Focuses on function and vital processes of various structures making up the human body Closely related to anatomy because it is the study of how anatomical structures actually function Deals with all vital processes of life; is more complex, with more sub-specialties 12
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Subspecialties of Physiology
Human physiology Animal physiology Cellular physiology Neurophysiology 13
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Putting It All Together
Anatomy focuses on structures and how something is put together Physiology is the study of how these different structures work together to make the body function as a whole Design of the structure is often related to its function 14
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Putting It All Together (cont’d)
Human anatomy and physiology (A&P) forms the foundation for all medical practice Medical treatment attempts to bring the body’s structure and function back to normal A&P 15
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Figure A. Normal red blood cells (RBCs) are flexible and donut shaped and move with ease through blood vessels. (Photo © Phototake NYC) B. The anatomical distortion of the structure of RBCs in sickle cell anemia affects its normal function to carry oxygen. In addition, the sickle cells lose their ability to bend and pass through the small blood vessels, thereby causing blockages to blood flow. (Photo © Photo Researchers, Inc.) 16
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What is Disease? Disease (meaning not at ease) is a condition in which the body fails to function normally The body works to make things function smoothly and maintain balance known as homeostasis Pathology is the study of disease characteristics, causes, and effects Pathophysiology is the study of abnormal body function 17
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Terms Related to Disease
Etiology: cause of the disease Epidemiology: study of the transmission, frequency of occurrence, distribution, and control of a disease 18
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Types of Diseases Idiopathic diseases: those for which the cause cannot be determined Communicable diseases: those that have potential to be spread from person to person Contagious diseases: readily transmitted from one person to another Tracked by Center for Disease Control (CDC) 19
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Distribution of Communicable Diseases
Endemic: diseases that occur in specific populations or regions Epidemic: when diseases occur in large numbers over specific region Pandemic: when diseases spread country or worldwide 20
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Medical Terminology Language of A&P and disease primarily based on medical terminology Learning medical terminology requires understanding of root terms, prefixes, and suffixes that can be put together to form variety of terms Each medical term has a basic structure upon which to build, called a word root Prefixes and suffixes are added to root words and can change or alter meaning 21
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Building Blocks of Medical Terms
Word roots: basic parts (foundation) of medical terms Often given in combining form (word root plus connecting vowel) Prefixes: word parts that come before the root Suffixes: word parts that come after the root 22
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Figure 1-2 How prefixes and suffixes can be combined with a word root to form many medical terms.
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Table 1-1 Common Combining Terms
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Table 1-2 Common Prefixes
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Table 1-3 Common Suffixes
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Common Medical Abbreviations
Extensively used in the medical profession Useful in simplifying long, complicated terms for diseases, diagnostic procedures, and therapies during charting You will learn more abbreviations with each chapter 27
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Table 1-4 Common Medical Abbreviations
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Professionals who work in medical assisting must become very familiar with medical terminology in their workplace. 29
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Medical Specialties Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of Medical Specialties. Back to Directory 30
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The Metric System Mathematical language of anatomy and physiology
Two major measurement systems used in world today United States Customary System (USCS): used by general population in United States Système International (SI): used everywhere else, including US healthcare professionals and pharmaceutical companies; also called Metric System, based on the power of ten 31
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The United States Customary System (USCS)
Based on the British Imperial System Different designations for length, weight, and volume Volume in ounces, pints, quarts, gallons, pounds Distances in inches, feet, yards, and miles Weight in pounds, ounces, and tons Commonly called the English System Cumbersome to use; no common base; no relationship between each unit of measure 32
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The International System (SI)
Commonly called the Metric System; numerical language of science and medicine 33
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The International System (SI) (cont’d)
Units of measurements all based on units that relate to each other by powers of 10 Length: millimeters (mm), centimeters (cm) Weight: milliliters (ml), liters (L) Volume: kilograms (kg), grams (g) Calculations only require moving decimal point to left or right (multiplying or dividing by 10, 100, 1000, etc.) 34
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Metabolism Refers to all chemical operations going on within the body
Requires various nutrients Produces waste products Includes all life-sustaining reactions within the body Two types: anabolism and catabolism Fever is common disease process that will speed up metabolism 35
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Anabolism Process of simple compounds being built up and then used to manufacture materials for growth, reproduction, and repair Building phase of metabolism Example: assembly of simple amino acids to form complex proteins 36
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Catabolism Process by which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances Breaking down phase of metabolism Example: breakdown of food into simpler chemical building blocks for energy Abnormal and extreme example: starvation victim whose body will “feed upon itself” by actually consuming own body’s tissues 37
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Homeostasis Physiological process that monitors and maintains a stable internal environment or equilibrium Survival depends on ability to maintain homeostasis Homeostatic regulation refers to adjustments made in human organism to maintain a stable internal environment For example, a thermostat is a homeostatic control in a home 38
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Negative Feedback Loop
Continuous feedback loop to determine what required action is needed If feedback opposes the stimulus, it is a negative feedback loop Hypothalamus in the brain uses a negative feedback loop to control body temperature and maintain homeostasis Example: thermostat triggering heater on and off to maintain set temperature 39
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Figure 1-3 The homeostatic control of normal body temperature (37°C or 98.6°F).
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Positive Feedback Increases magnitude of change versus resisting change Process known as a vicious cycle Does not maintain homeostasis but sometimes necessary to complete a specific process Often harmful if cycle cannot be broken Example: recurrent contraction of uterus during childbirth 41
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Disease Concepts Signs – objective, measurable indicators of illness
Examples: fever, change in color Vital signs: signs vital to life Pulse Blood Pressure Temperature Respiratory Rate 42
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Click here to view a video on the topic of vital signs.
Vital Signs Video 1 Click here to view a video on the topic of vital signs. Back to Directory 43
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Click here to view a video on the topic of vital signs.
Vital Signs Video 2 Click here to view a video on the topic of vital signs. Back to Directory 44
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Blood Pressure Animation
Click here to view an animation on the topic of blood pressure. Back to Directory 45
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Rectal Temperature Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of taking a rectal temperature. Back to Directory 46
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Axillary Temperature Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of taking an axillary temperature. Back to Directory 47
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Tympanic Temperature Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of taking a tympanic temperature. Back to Directory 48
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Click here to view a video on the topic of taking a radial pulse.
Radial Pulse Video Click here to view a video on the topic of taking a radial pulse. Back to Directory 49
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Figure 1-4 A health care professional taking a radial pulse and common pulse points.
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Figure 1-4 (continued) A health care professional taking a radial pulse and common pulse points.
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Disease Concepts (cont’d)
Symptoms: subjective indicators of illness that are perceived only by the patient Examples: pain, dizziness, itchiness 52
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Disease Concepts (cont’d)
Syndrome: a specific grouping of signs and symptoms related to a specific disease Example: Down Syndrome signs and symptoms include sloping forehead, low set ears, short broad hands, mild-to-moderate mental retardation, and often, cardiac valvular disease 53
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Disease Concepts (cont’d)
Diagnosis: identification of disease determined by studying patient’s signs, symptoms, history, and results of diagnostic tests Begins by obtaining Chief Complaint (CC) or reason the individual is seeking medical help Continues as more details are obtained about the problem 54
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Disease Concepts (cont’d)
Prognosis: prediction about outcome of a disease Acute conditions: rapid onset of signs and symptoms Chronic conditions: gradual onset of symptoms over a long period of time 55
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Disease Concepts (cont’d)
Remission: period of time when signs and symptoms of chronic disease disappear Relapse: recurrence of a disease Exacerbation: “flare-up” of signs and symptoms Terminal disease: one with a prognosis of death 56
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Body’s Defense System Disease can result from pathogenic (disease producing) microorganisms invading body through openings referred to as portals of entry Body Barriers: first line of defense Example: skin Provides mechanical barrier (if unbroken ) Slightly acidic, which makes environment inhospitable to some pathogens 57
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Body’s Defense System (cont’d)
Immune response: kicks in if pathogens get past barriers Microscopic body cells activate Some attack and “eat” pathogens Some release powerful chemicals that disintegrate pathogens If body has been attacked by that pathogen before, substances can be produced that specifically target that pathogen 58
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Body’s Defense System (cont’d)
Inflammatory response – occurs whenever body tissues are injured Possible triggers: physical injury, intense heat, chemical irritation, reaction to invading germs Signs and symptoms: redness, increased temperature at affected site, swelling (edema), pain Has protective function: Isolates injured area, Increases blood flow to restore normal function 59
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Figure 1-5 Agents capable of stimulating an inflammatory response.
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Routes of Disease Transmission
Vectors: when disease is spread by insect, or other non-human animal Biological vector: infected insect spreads infection to person (example: malaria) Mechanical vector: organism present on surface of insect is spread to person (example: a fly that lands on cow feces, and then on a person’s food) 61
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Routes of Disease Transmission (cont’d)
Contact transmission Direct contact: when a person becomes sick due to direct contact with a contagious body fluid Indirect contact: when a person becomes sick due to contact with a contaminated object (example: catching the flu by picking up germs from a doorknob) 62
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Routes of Disease Transmission (cont’d)
Common vehicles: when consumable goods (such as food) become contaminated; results in several people simultaneously developing same infection Airborne spread: when droplets containing a pathogen spread through the air 63
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Preventing the Spread of Communicable Diseases
Requires breaking chain of infection (interrupting spread of disease from outside source into the body) Washing your hands is one of the most powerful ways of controlling the spread of disease 64
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Preventing the Spread of Communicable Diseases (cont’d)
Universal Precautions: set of standard actions/procedures designed to prevent transmission of disease between patient and health care provider Based on assumption that every person could have some kind of communicable disease Includes use of gloves, gowns, goggles, masks, and other protective equipment in appropriate situations 65
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Figure 1-6 Standard Precautions guidelines.
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Hand Washing and Gloving Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of hand washing and gloving. Back to Directory 67
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Hand Washing with Antiseptic Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of hand washing using antiseptic. Back to Directory 68
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Hand Washing with Water Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of hand washing using water. Back to Directory 69
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Click here to view a video on the topic of gowning.
Gowning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of gowning. Back to Directory 70
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Click here to view a video on the topic of using masks.
Using Masks Video Click here to view a video on the topic of using masks. Back to Directory 71
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Click here to view a video on the topic of capping.
Capping Video Click here to view a video on the topic of capping. Back to Directory 72
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Click here to view a video on the topic of sterile gloving.
Sterile Gloving Video Click here to view a video on the topic of sterile gloving. Back to Directory 73
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Protective Eyewear Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of protective eyewear. Back to Directory 74
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Snapshots from the Journey
Anatomy: study of internal and external structures of the body Physiology: study of how structures normally function Pathology: study of disease Medical terminology: language of medicine combining root words, prefixes, and suffixes Metric system: mathematical language of medicine based on the power of ten 75
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Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d)
Metabolism: all chemical operations going on within the body; anabolism (building up) and catabolism (breaking down) are two primary processes of metabolism Homeostasis: body’s attempt to maintain balanced, or stable, environment Negative feedback loop: constant monitoring and changing of body’s environment to maintain homeostasis 76
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Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d)
Change in objective measurable values such as temperature (signs) and subjective patient perceptions (symptoms) can indicate presence of disease Vital signs include: pulse, respiration, temperature, blood pressure 77
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Snapshots from the Journey (cont’d)
Body’s defenses guard against invasion of pathogenic organisms; transmission routes include: vectors, contact transmission, common vehicle, and airborne spread 78
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Case Study A 66-year-old Asian male involved in a vehicular accident is taken to the ICU with dyspnea and abdominal pain. He has acrocyanosis, tachycardia, and a past medical history of cardiopathy. He weighs 150 pounds and is 5 feet 6 inches tall. His chest X-ray shows an enlarged heart. His facial injuries will require future rhinoplastic surgery. An electrocardiogram and lower GI series is ordered 79
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Case Study Questions Where exactly in the hospital was the patient taken? Describe the patient’s color, heart rate, and breathing. What is the medical term for what the X-ray showed? What future facial surgery will he need? 80
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Case Study Questions: Ray’s Story
Explain how the relationship of Anatomy to Physiology has worked against Ray. What is the etiology of Ray’s current condition and his diagnosis? How would you state his prognosis? What future complications do you expect to see? 81
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Cervical Injury Animation
Click here to view an animation showing a cervical diving injury. Back to Directory 82
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Medical Assisting Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of Medical Assisting. Back to Directory 83
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Health Information Management Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of Health Information Management. Back to Directory 84
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Medical Transcription Video
Click here to view a video on the topic of Medical Transcription. Back to Directory 85
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