1. Biology I—Ch 20 Protists
-Protist: any organism that is not a plant, animal, fungus,
Or prokaryote
-3 major types
1. Animal-like
2. Plant-like
3. Fungus-like
Animal-like protists
-4 phyla
1. Phylum Zoomastigina
-animal-like protists that swim using a flagella
-generally able to absorb food through their cell
membranes
-found in lakes, streams, inside bodies of other
organisms
-most reproduce asexually by mitosis
-some can perform a type of sexual reproduction
as well

2. 2. Phylum Sarcodina
-animal-like protists that use pseudopods for feeding
and movement
-amoebas in this group
-Foraminiferans secrete calcium carbonate
-white chalk cliffs of Dover, England formed from
large deposits of foraminiferan skeletons
3. Phylum Ciliophora
-use cilia for feeding and movement
-found in fresh and salt water
-most free-living
-Paramecium
-can undergo conjugation (sexual reproduction)

4. 4. Phylum Sporozoa
-do not move on their own and are parasitic
-many have complex life cycles that involve more than one
host
-Plasmodium causes malaria
-spread by the Anopheles mosquitoes

7. Disease and Animal-like protists
-Trypanosoma is a zooflagellate that causes African Sleeping Sickness
-spread by the tsetse fly
-causes fever, chills, and rashes
-infects nerve cells
-can cause severe damage to nervous system causing some
to lose consciousness, lapsing into a deep and sometimes
fatal sleep—disease name origin
-Entamoeba causes amoebic dysentary
-live in intestines
-cause severe bleeding
-Giardia can cause severe diarrhea

10. Ch 20 Sections 2-3—Plantlike Protists
-Phytoplankton—small, photosynthetic organisms found near the surface
Of the water—often unicellular
-4 phyla
1. Phylum Euglenophyta
-plant-like protists that have 2 flagella, but no cell wall
-found in ponds and lakes
-can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
-Pellicle: tough, flexible cell membrane
-reproduce asexually by binary fission
2. Phylum Chrysophyta
-yellow-green and golden-brown algae
-have gold-colored chloroplasts
-cell walls contain pectin instead of cellulose
-some contain both pectin and cellulose
-store food as oil rather than starch
-reproduce sexually and asexually

12. 3. Phylum Bacillariophyta—Diatoms
-produce thin, delicate cell walls rich in silicon
4. Phylum Pyrrophyta—Dinoflagellates
-”fire plants”
-about ½ autotrophic and ½ heterotrophic
-most reproduce asexually by binary fission
-many are bioluminscent
-some species cause “red tides”
-blooms off east coast of US
-produce toxins that kill organisms in the water
-eating shell fish from infected water can cause
serious illness, paralysis, and even death
in humans and fish

14. -Multicellular Algae
-3 phyla
1. Phylum Rhodophyta—red algae
-able to live at great depths due to the pigment phycobilin
-phycobilins absorb blue light which penetrates the
furthest down into the ocean
-found in waters from polar regions to the tropics
-grow from ocean’s surface up to 260 m deep
2. Phylum Phaeophyta—brown algae
-contain chlorophyll and a brown pigment
fucoxanthin
-largest and most complex algae
-most found in cool shallow coastal waters of temperate
or arctic areas of the ocean
-giant kelp--grow up to 60 m in length
-Sargassum form huge floating mats

16. 3. Phylum Chlorophyta—green algae
-contain chlorophyll and cell walls in cell walls
-found in fresh and salt water
-unicellular, colonial, and multicellular
-Unicellular: Chlamydomonas
-Colonial: volvox ,000 cells arranged to
form hollow spheres
-spirogyra forms long threadlike
colonies called filaments
-Multicellular: Ulva found along rocky sea coasts

18. Ch 20 Section 3—Fungus-like protists
-heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from dead or decaying organic
Matter
-lack chitin in cell walls
-3 phyla
Phylum Acrasiomycota—Cellular Slime Molds
-spend most of their lives as free-living cells that are not
easily distinguishable from soil amoebas
-when food supplies get low single cells come together to
form a large sluglike colony that produces spores
-each spore gives rise to another amoeba-like cell that starts the
cycle over

20. Phylum Myxomycota—Acellular Slime Molds
-begin life as a single amoeba-like cell
-come together to form a plasmodium
-Plasmodium: a single structure with many nuclei
-may grow as large as several meters in diameter
-produce haploid spores by meiosis
-form amoeba-like cells or flagellated cells
-flagellated cells come together to produce diploid
zygotes that repeat the cycle

23. Phylum Oomycota—Water Molds
-thrive on dead or decaying organic matter in water and some are
Plant parasites on land
-cell walls contain cellulose and motile spores
-have both sexual and asexual reproduction
-Phytophthera infestins caused the potato famine in Ireland
-in 1845 as much as 60% of the potato crop was lost
-in 1846 nearly the entire crop was lost
-hit poorest farmers the hardest
-between at least 1 million Irish people died of
Starvation or disease
-also more than 1 million people emigrated from Ireland to
the U.S. and other countries