1. Review L5 (Nov. 9) Culture Religions that have less influence in HK
Geographical region influence
Non-geographical influence
Religions that have less influence in HK
Judaism
Hinduism
Islam
Black Magic
Voodoo 1

2. http://upload. wikimedia 2

4. Quiz 5
1. Which one of the following has the least impact to our culture (i.e. Hong Kong, China)? Hinduism
2. The terms Karma, Reincarnation, and Nirvana are consistent with Buddhism
3. The terms Way, Yin and Yang, and Cosmic Energy are consistent with Taoism
4. The terms Five Bonds, The Gentlemen, and Humanity are consistent with Confucianism
5. The four dimensions of Culture include all of the following but AC

5. The last 4 Financial Secretaries
Sir Donald Tsang (Sept June 1997)
Sir Donald Tsang (July May 2001)
Antony Leung (May July 2003)
Henry Tang (July June 2007)
John Tsang (July )

7. PD ?

8. PD ?

9. How Personality Influences Human Relations
Chapter 3:
How Personality Influences Human Relations
What makes me this way?
What makes us this way?

10. Why Study Personality?
Personality is often described in theoretical terms.
Theory refers to a set of beliefs that has been tested a number of times and considered valid. It is an explanation of “what makes people tick.” 10

11. What IS Personality?
PERSONALITY (p. 76) refers to a person’s unique pattern of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are consistent over time and across situations. It can be studies from the psychoanalytic, behaviorist, humanist, and trait theory perspectives. 11

12. How Is Personality Studied?
There are several mainstream theories of personality:
Psychoanalytic
Behaviorist
Humanist
Trait 12

13. Are You Afraid of Freud? Overview
Freud was first to formulate a personality theory, known as psychoanalytic theory.
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY (p.76) suggests that our personality is shaped by an ongoing internal struggle between two or more conflicting needs. 13

14. What Characterizes Freudian Struggle?
Struggle exists between three forces:
Desire to satisfy our most basic needs
Need to adhere to society’s laws and rules
Goal of living within the one’s own personal moral code 14

15. Freud’s Iceberg Model
See page 77 15

16. What Does This Model Convey?
Much personality resides in the unconscious.
CONSCIOUS (p. 77) is the portion of our mind that we are aware of at any given time.
UNCONSCIOUS (p. 77) is the large portion of our mind including thoughts, feelings, memories, and expectations, that we are not aware of.
PRECONSCIOUS (p. 78) is the part of the unconscious that can be brought into consciousness by focusing on it. 16

17. Three Components of PersonalityID
EGO
SUPEREGO
ID (p. 78) is the part of the personality concerned with satisfying our basic instincts and urges. It is the most basic element of personality and operates on the pleasure principle.
EGO (p.78) is the part of personality concerned with meeting the needs of the id in a way that is realistic, and fits with the laws or rules of society. It begins to emerge around one year of age but the id vs. ego struggle continues throughout life and is the foundation of personality according to Freud. The ego is the executive or manager of the personality because it maintain balance among all components.
SUPEREGO (p. 79) is the part of personality concerned with making sure the id and the ego function in a way that is consistent with the person’s own moral code. It functions on the reality principle and begins to develop around five years of age when children begin to internalize the concepts of right and wrong for their own sake, rather than for avoidance of punishment. 17

18. Summary of Freudian Personality Components
See page 79 18

19. How Do These Components Work Together?
Do you know?
HINT: Defense mechanism
How do these components work together?
By adulthood a pattern of responding to conflicting forces is developed. 19

20. What Are Defense Mechanisms?
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (p. 81) are strategies over unconscious uses to resolve anxiety. Familiarity with defense mechanisms is an effective tool in understanding the behavior of others.
Defense mechanisms include such things as:
RATIONALISM 理性論 /合理主義
REPRESSION 抑制
DISPLACEMENT 轉移
PROJECTION 投射
REACTION FORMATION
REGRESSION 逆行 / 退步
SUBLIMATION 昇華 / 理想化
DEFENSE MECHANISMS (p. 81) are strategies over unconscious uses to resolve anxiety. Familiarity with defense mechanisms is an effective tool in understanding the behavior of others. Defense mechanisms include such things as rationalization, repression, displacement, reaction formation, regression and culmination.
RATIONALISM (p. 81) involves creation of a rational explanation or justification for our behavior.
REPRESSION (p. 81) involves the complete suppression of a feeling which is unacceptable.
DISPLACEMENT (p. 81) is the redirection of a negative feeling toward a “safe” target.
PROJECTION (81) involves having an unacceptable impulse or thought, but instead of seeing it in ourselves, we think we see it in others.
REACTION FORMATION (p. 82) involves acting in a way that is completely opposite to an unacceptable thought or impulse.
REGRESSION (p. 82) psychologically retreating to an earlier, less mature time.
SUBLIMATION (p. 82) involves channeling an unacceptable feeling or urge into a positive, or more socially acceptable direction.
Critics suggest that many of Freudian tenets cannot be empirically validated. 20

21. Carl Roger’s Self Theory
Fulfillment of potential means becoming a FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON (p. 94) (one who gets along well with others by offering unconditional positive regard and genuinely caring about them). 21

22. How Does Self-Esteem Affect Us?
Self-esteem is essential to growth and fulfillment of one’s potential  positive self-esteem developed through unconditional positive regard.
Positive self-esteem = treat others well
Negative self-esteem = treat others poorly
Self-esteem is essential to growth and fulfillment of one’s potentialpositive self-esteem developed through unconditional positive regard.
Everyone born with potential to treat other people with genuine concern and respect.
If environment is positive one that fosters self-esteem, people will reach potential and become fully functioning.
Positive self-esteem = treat others well; negative self-esteem = treat others poorly.
Negative self-esteem can be reversed by changes in the environment. 22

23. Maslow’s Need Hierarchy
MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY (p. 95) (A model which suggests that lower-order needs must be met before we can focus on higher-order needs).
Levels include the following needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, and esteem needs. 23

24. What Did Maslow Posit?
Human are born with innate drive to maximize potential.
Maximizing one’s potential revolves around self-actualization.
People are challenged by a series of needs as they strive to become self-actualized.
Lower order needs must be fulfilled before higher order needs are addressed.
Lower order needs must be fulfilled before higher order needs addressed.
Physiological or biological needs are the most basic needs.
Safety needs revolves around keeping people from physical harm.
Belongingness needs involve the needs to be connected to others in the social world. 24

25. Hierarchy of Needs

26. Hierarchy of Needs Self Actualization Esteem Needs Belongingness Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs

27. What Is Self-Actualization?
SELF-ACTUALIZATION (p. 95) occurs when an individual has developed a complete sense of who she is what her strengths are, and routinely acts in a way that is consistent with that.
When lower order needs are met, people then strive toward self-actualization. This varies based on individual values and interests.
Not everyone becomes self-actualized; some get stalled at the fourth level. There is continual movement up and down the hierarchy throughout life as situations change. 27

28. What Are Self-Actualized People Like?
Culture and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s theory is uniquely Western in terms of the hierarchy.
Cultural differences were found in relation to culture.
See page 97 28

29. How Is Humanist Theory Related to Human Relations?
Humanist theory offers a positive alternative to the psychoanalysts and the deterministic perspectives.
Humans have an innate tendency to grow in a positive direction and positive environmental conditions to reach that goal.
Humans who act to hurt self or others do so because of negative environmental conditions that can be changed. 29