1. Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science
Section 1 – The Methods of Science

2. Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science
Section 1 – The Methods of Science
Science studies natural patterns

3. Chapter 1 – The Nature of Science
Section 1 – The Methods of Science
Science studies natural patterns
Science is classified into three main categories: life science, Earth science, and physical science: sometimes a scientific study will overlap the categories

5. Science explains the natural world; explanations can change over time

6. Geocentric (earth center of solar system)
Sun
Earth
Now known to be heliocentric (sun is center)

7. Science explains the natural world; explanations can change over time
Scientists investigate nature by observation, experimentation, or modeling

8. Science explains the natural world; explanations can change over time
Scientists investigate nature by observation, experimentation, or modeling
Scientific method – organized set of investigation procedures

10. Science explains the natural world; explanations can change over time
Scientists investigate nature by observation, experimentation, or modeling
Scientific method – organized set of investigation procedures
State a problem
Gather information

11. Why does an egg float in salt water,
Problem:
Why does an egg float in salt water,
but not pure water?

12. Why does an egg float in salt water, but not pure water?
Problem:
Why does an egg float in salt water,
but not pure water?
Information:
Egg floats in water with salt dissolved in it
Salt water is more dense than
pure water

13. Form a hypothesis or educated guess based on knowledge and observation

14. (testable prediction) It is the density of the salt water
Hypothesis:
(testable prediction)
It is the density of the salt water
that causes the egg to float

15. Form a hypothesis or educated guess based on knowledge and observation
An experiment with variables is a common way to test a hypothesis

16. (testable prediction) It is the density of the salt water
Hypothesis:
(testable prediction)
It is the density of the salt water
that causes the egg to float
Experiment:
Vary the amounts of salt
dissolved in water

17. An experiment with variables is a common way to test a hypothesis
A dependent variable changes value as other variables change
An independent variable is changed to determine how it will affect the dependent variable

18. Independent Variable: (the one we change/control)
The amounts of salt dissolved
in beakers of water
Dependent Variable:
(depends on how the
independent variable is changed)
Whether or not the egg floats

19. A variable that does not change when other variables change is a constant

20. Same temperature of water
Constants:
Same size of all eggs
Same temperature of water
Same amounts of water

21. A variable that does not change when other variables change is a constant
A control is the standard to which test results can be compared

22. Same temperature of water
Constants:
Same size of all eggs
Same temperature of water
Same amounts of water
Control:
Egg in pure water

23. A variable that does not change when other variables change is a constant
A control is the standard to which test results can be compared
Analyze data from an experiment or investigation

24. Amount of Salt Dissolved (g)
Egg Float or Sink
Sink 5 10 15
Float 20

25. A variable that does not change when other variables change is a constant
A control is the standard to which test results can be compared
Analyze data from an experiment or investigation
Form a conclusion based on the data

26. An egg will float in dense
Conclusion:
An egg will float in dense
enough salt water

27. A variable that does not change when other variables change is a constant
A control is the standard to which test results can be compared
Analyze data from an experiment or investigation
Form a conclusion based on the data
Reduce bias by keeping accurate records, using measurable data, and repeating the experiment

28. Models represent ideas, events, or objects and can be physical or computerized

30. Models represent ideas, events, or objects and can be physical or computerized
A theory is an explanation based on many observations and investigations; a scientific law is a statement about something that always seems to be true

31. Examples:
Theory of Evolution
Law of Gravity

32. Models represent ideas, events, or objects and can be physical or computerized
A theory is an explanation based on many observations and investigations; a scientific law is a statement about something that always seems to be true
Science deals with the natural world; questions of value or emotion cannot be answered

33. F. Technology – applied science helping people

34. Section 2 – Standards of Measurement

35. Section 2 – Standards of Measurement
Standard – exact quantity that people agree to use for comparison

36. Section 2 – Standards of Measurement
Standard – exact quantity that people agree to use for comparison
Measurements must have a number and a unit

37. Section 2 – Standards of Measurement
Standard – exact quantity that people agree to use for comparison
Measurements must have a number and a unit
SI – an improved version of the metric system used and understood by scientists worldwide

39. SI system is based on multiples of 10 and uses prefixes to indicate a specific multiple

41. SI system is based on multiples of 10 and uses prefixes to indicate a specific multiple
Length is measured using a unit appropriate for the distance between two points

42. SI system is based on multiples of 10 and uses prefixes to indicate a specific multiple
Length is measured using a unit appropriate for the distance between two points
Volume – the amount of space an object occupies

43. SI system is based on multiples of 10 and uses prefixes to indicate a specific multiple
Length is measured using a unit appropriate for the distance between two points
Volume – the amount of space an object occupies
Mass – measure of matter in an object

44. Density – mass per unit volume of a material

45. Density – mass per unit volume of a material
A unit obtained by combining different SI units is called a derived unit

46. Mass
Volume
grams
milliliter
grams
cm3 = or
Other derived units:
Miles per hour
Kilometers per hour
Square feet
Square meters
Pounds per square inch

47. Density – mass per unit volume of a material
A unit obtained by combining different SI units is called a derived unit
Time is the interval between two events; temperature is measured using a thermometer

48. Section 3 – Communicating with Graph

49. Section 3 – Communicating with Graph
Graph – visual display of information or data that is used to detect patterns

50. Section 3 – Communicating with Graph
Graph – visual display of information or data that is used to detect patterns
A line graph shows a relationship where the dependent variable changes due to a change in the independent variable

52. Section 3 – Communicating with Graph
Graph – visual display of information or data that is used to detect patterns
A line graph shows a relationship where the dependent variable changes due to a change in the independent variable
The scale should make the graph readable

53. Section 3 – Communicating with Graph
Graph – visual display of information or data that is used to detect patterns
A line graph shows a relationship where the dependent variable changes due to a change in the independent variable
The scale should make the graph readable
The x-axis should always be used for the independent variable

54. Units of measurement must be consistent

55. Units of measurement must be consistent
Bar graphs compare information collected by counting

57. Units of measurement must be consistent
Bar graphs compare information collected by counting
Circle graphs show how a whole is broken into parts