1. Endocrine System
Chapter 11

2. Combining Forms for the Endocrine System
aden/o gland adenoma adren/o adrenal gland adrenotrophic adrenal/o adrenalopathy crin/o to secrete endocrine dips/o thirst polydipsia

3. Combining Forms for the Endocrine System
gluc/o sugar glucogenic glucos/o glucose glyc/o hyperglycemia glycos/o glycosuria hormon/o hormone hormonal (an urging on)

4. Combining Forms for the Endocrine System
pancreat/o pancreas pancreatitis thym/o thymus gland thymoma thyr/o thyroid gland thyrotoxic (shield)

5. Endocrine System

6. Functions of the Endocrine Glands

7. Functions of the Endocrine Glands
(continued)

8. Endocrine System Overview
Glands secrete hormones which affect function of targeted organs

9. Endocrine System Overview
(continued)
adrenal glands
located next to each kidney
adrenal cortex
secretes steroid hormones which regulate carbohydrate metabolism and salt and water balance
adrenal medulla
secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

10. Endocrine System Overview
pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
located behind the stomach
functions to secrete insulin and glucagon
parathyroid glands
located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck
functions to secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

11. Endocrine System Overview
pineal gland
Located in the center of the brain
Secretes melatonin and serotonin

12. Endocrine System Overview
ovaries
located one on each side of the uterus
secretes
estrogen — Responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of reproduction
progesterone

13. Endocrine System Overview
testes
located one on each side within the scrotum in the male
functions to secrete testosterone

14. Endocrine System Overview
pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis)
Located at the base of the brain
Secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, melanocyte-stimulating hormone, growth hormone and prolactin
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
Releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

15. Endocrine System Overview
Thyroid gland
located in the front of the neck
secretes triiodothyronine, thyroxine and calcitonin

16. Thyroid Disorders Low TSH High TSH Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism
Increase in metabolism
Graves disease
TX – anti-thyroid medications
Methimazole
Propylthiouracil
Hypothyroidism
Decrease in metabolism
Hashimoto’s Disease
Tx – thyroid medications
Synthroid
Levothyroxine
Hypotyroidism
sluggishness or feel weak, depressed and tired, chronic fatigue syndrome, problems thinking, difficulty breathing, muscle cramps or specific joint pain, uncontrollable weight gain, dry skin, constipation, menstrual problems, hot flashes, PMS, increased menstrual flow, miscarriage or infertility.

17. Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism

18. Terms to know… DM Insulin Glucosuria BS or CBG Cushing Syndrome Goiter
Type 1 & 2
Insulin
Glucosuria
BS or CBG
Cushing Syndrome
Excessive production by the adrenal gland of cortisol or taking too much of a corticosteroid.
Goiter
Parathyroid
Hyper or hypocalcemia
Cushing syndrome can also result in high blood pressure, bone loss and, on occasion, diabetes. Guys may end up with gynecomastia. Facial hair in women. Will have personality changes. Changes in skin appearance (thin skin). GI stress. Increase in GI acid/upset.
Cushing's syndrome has many possible causes including tumors within the adrenal gland, adrenal gland stimulating hormone (ACTH) produced from cancer such as lung cancer, and ACTH excessively produced from a pituitary tumors within the brain. ACTH is normally produced by the pituitary gland (located in the center of the brain) to stimulate the adrenal glands' natural production of cortisol, especially in times of stress.
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