1. 1. Command and Natural Languages
Unit 3
1. Command and Natural Languages

2. 1. Introduction Languages are a natural way to communicate
Communication with systems
Initially, programming languages s
FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL, BASIC, LISP, APL, PROLOG
Database query- 1970s – SQL – create a result than a program
Scripting languages -1980s
Super Card, Hyper Card, Tool Book- ONMOUSEDOWN, BLINK etc
Command languages – difficult to remember
Unix command to delete blank lines from a file
grep –v ^$ filea > fileb

3. The Basic Goals of Language Design
Precision
Compactness
Ease in writing and reading
Speed in learning
Simplicity to reduce errors
Ease of retention over time

4. 2. Command-Organization Functionality, Strategies
Users do wide range of work:
text editing
electronic mail
financial management
airline or hotel reservations
inventory
manufacturing process control
gaming
People use computers only if it gives them power, despite poor interface
Designer-determine Functionality of system studying user’s task domain

5. Common design error- more objects & actions
More bugs
Slower execution
More help screen, error messages & documentation
Confusion
Insufficient objects & actions – frustration
Users differ in knowledge – destructive actions must be reversible
Strategies
Actions- create, edit, copy, move, delete, read/write, open/close etc
Each command carry out single task
Follow each command by 1 or more arguments COPY FILEA, FILEB/ DELETE FILEA
Commands are organized into tree structure

6. 3. Naming and Abbreviations
Critics on strange command names
mkdir, pwd, cd, rm etc
Abbreviations used in online chat, instant messaging, blogs, blogs

7. The Symbol Edit toolbar contains buttons for adding nodes, drawing various shapes and adding text

9. Specificity Versus Generality
names – important for learning, problem solving & retention over time
Specific terms – more descriptive
More distinctive – more memorable
Insert/delete – add/remove
2. Abbreviation Strategies
Command names must be meaningful to facilitate learning ….
Novice users prefer typing full name - BROWSE – BRWS/B

10. Six Potential Abbreviation Strategies
Simple truncation: The first, second, third, etc. letters of each command
Vowel drop with simple truncation: Eliminate vowels and use some of what remains
First and last letter: Since the first and last letters are highly visible, use them
First letter of each word in a phrase: Use with a hierarchical design plan
Standard abbreviations from other contexts: Use familiar abbreviations. PRT for PRINT, BAK for BACKUP
Phonics: Focus attention on the sound

11. Simple truncation
Vowel drop
First and last letter
First letter of each word
Standard abbreviations – familiarity
Phonics

12. 3. Guidelines for using abbreviations
A simple primary rule & a simple secondary rule
Abbreviations generated by the secondary rule should have a marker (*) incorporated in them
Users should be familiar with the rules used to generate abbreviations
Fixed-length abbreviations should be used in preference to variable-length ones
Abbreviations should not be designed to incorporate endings (ING, ED, S)
Unless there is a critical space problem, abbreviations should not be used in messages generated by the computer and read by the user

13. 4. Natural Language in Computing computers – process natural language 1. Natural-language interaction 2. Natural-language queries and question answering 3. Text-database searching 4. Natural-language text generation 5. Adventure games and instructional systems

14. NLP - intelligent analysis of written language- sentiment analysis, information extraction, information retrieval, search etc.
ML is an area of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that is a set of statistical techniques for problem solving.
Deep Learning is one of the techniques in the area of Machine Learning - there are several other techniques such as Regression, K-Means, and so on.

15. AI = building systems that can do intelligent things NLP = building systems that can understand language ⊊ AI ML = building systems that can learn from experience
NLP refers to techniques that do “intelligent things” in the domain of natural language

16. Natural-language interaction operation of computers using familiar language- English
Users – no need to learn command syntax
Problem – implementation on computer – variety of users