1. Ch 6
before Islam
Life of Muhammed, intro Islam 101
Umayyads
Abbasids

2. before Islam clans sheyks Mecca
bedouin nomadic culture - camel caravans
- clusters of tribal groups, depended on each other in harsh environments (kinship)
- leader of clans, large herds, several wives
interclan rivalry - limited resources, slaves, battles
- trade city, Umayyad clan, Ka’ba
Medina - Muhammad, date palms, oasis, multi-clan
clans
sheyks
Mecca

3. before Islam women w/ key economic roles (varied by clan)
men traveled, descent through female, initial polygamy -> changed with more trade
little material culture, mainly poetry
religion of animism, polytheism

4. Islam 101
CONTEXT
outside pressure - Byzantine (Rome) and Sassanids (Persia)
monotheism - Christianity and Judaism in Mesopotamia
Muhammad - life of bedouin merchant
raised by uncle into trading clan, caravan journeys
married widow, Kadijah… inspired for deeper purposes
revelations to him from Allah through angel Gabriel (Qu’ran)

5. Islam 101
hijra
_______ fled to Medina, escape Umayyad (clan) pressures Quraysh (tribe), first year 622, with help of Ali
628 - triumphant return to Mecca
_________- community of faithful, united tribes/clans
morality, healed deep economic rifts (__________- tithing)
accepted teachings of Christianity, Judaism
added FIVE PILLARS
umma
zakat

6. ISLAM pillars
faith - “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his Prophet”
pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
fast during Ramadan
zakat offering to the faith
hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Ka’ba

7. Ka’ba before Islam

8. Ka’ba today

9. Umayyad expansion ARAB Ridda Wars
empire - more __________ than Islam (few conversions)
Ridda Wars - Abu Bakr united Arabia, Syria, Mesopotamia
_________ religious unity of Arabs, material gain
vulnerable Persians (Sasanian), decline Zoroastrianism
stronger Byzantines, but…
Arabs helped by smaller sects like Copts and Nestorians
640 Arab expanse into Egypt, naval controls of Eastern Mediterranean
ARAB
Ridda Wars

10. Umayyad expansion Poiters mawali jizwa dhimmi
end of 7th century- intro central Asia
early 8th - nw India, n Africa, Spain
732: __________ stopped by Franks in central France
Damascus - political capital, Arab minority
__________- converts, didn’t gain benefits
still paid taxes (_________), couldn’t be in military
___________: people of the book, accepted
Poiters
mawali
jizwa
dhimmi

11. Poitiers / Battle of Tours
“A victorious line of march had been prolonged above a thousand miles from the rock of Gibraltar to the banks of the Loire; the repetition of an equal space would have carried the Saracens to the confines of Poland….Perhaps the interpretation of the Koran would now be taught in the schools of Oxford, and her pulpits might demonstrate to a circumcised people the sanctity and truth of the revelation of Mahomet.” Edward Gibbons

12. Poitiers
According to Bernard Lewis, "The Arab historians, if they mention this engagement [the Battle of Tours] at all, present it as a minor skirmish,"[60] and
Gustave von Grunebaum writes: "This setback may have been important from the European point of view, but for Muslims at the time, who saw no master plan imperilled thereby, it had no further significance."

13. Umayyad Empire

14. Umayyad succession Sunni Shi’a
Abu Bakr - 1st caliph, , well connected, victorious
3rd caliph, Uthman (Umayyad)- killed
________- selection of most qualified leader, Umayyad
Ali - cousin of Muhammad, young warrior
took over after Uthman’s death, never gained favor of Umayyad powerful, never punished Uthman’s murderer, assassinated by Ummayads
Ali’s grandson, Husayn, lost at Karbala, 680 and promised to resist Umayyad caliphate, _______
Sunni
Shi’a

16. Sunni vs. Shia / Shiite

17. Hussein - lost at Karbala, descendent of Muhammad

18. Umayyad women
Qu’ran stressed moral aspects of marriage, banned infanticide, legal divorce
hadiths (traditions) describe roles of women - politics, scholarship, leading prayers
strict clothing and limits came later

19. Umayyad decline Damascus
luxury lifestyle in ____________- got away from traditional teachings of Muhammad
frontier armies challenged caliph in 700’s
Shi’a, Abbasids, mawali (converts w/o benefits)
Battle of River Zab, defeat of Umayyad
most family members killed, one to Cordoba (Spain)
Will rule Southern Spain until 1400’s
Damascus

20. Nice video review

21. Abbasid rise Baghdad quickly turned on former allies like Shi’a
accepted mawali, encouraged additional converts
tax, slave exceptions; chance of jobs, schools
moved capital to _____________
wazier - chief administrator, represented increased bureaucracy and organization
Baghdad

22. Abbasid power age of urban expansion, increased trade
gov support for trade, repaid by merchants
growth of mosques, palaces, schools
recovered G and R learning, added Jewish experts
Indian number system, Chinese inventions
growth of artisan class, but still slaves = unskilled labor
landownership dominated non urban majority

23. Abbasid empire

24. discussion - is it on the test?

25. misunderstandings