1. Classical Civilization: Ancient Greece

2. Warring City-States City-states develop throughout Ancient Greece
Ruled by Tyrants
Dorian Period: Greek “Dark Ages.” No records
Athens & Sparta ally to win war with Persia (Persian War)

3. Greece’s Golden Age: The Age of Pericles
Pericles leads Athens for 32 of 50 year Golden Age
Honest and Fair, Pericles is a respect politician and general
“Our Constitution is called Democracy because power is in the hands not of minority but of the whole people.”

4. Greece’s Golden Age: The Age of Pericles
3) Pericles had 3 main goals
Strengthen Democracy
Hold and strengthen the empire
Glorifying Athens

5. Pericles Goals: 1)Strengthen Democracy
Increased the number of paid politicians so poor Athenians were included
Direct Democracy: Athenians participated without representatives

6. Pericles Goals: 2) Hold & Strengthen Empire
Post-Persian War, Athens creates Delian League, an alliance of Greek city-states (polis)
Athens comes to dominate Delian League
Pericles uses money from Delian League to create massive Navy

7. Pericles Goals: 2) Hold & Strengthen Empire
4) Control of Delian League allowed Athens to treat some polis as part of their empire. 5) Others, like Sparta, resisted Athenian influence. 6) This would lead to the Peloponnesian War.

8. Pericles Goals: 3) Glorify Athens
Pericles used money from the Delian League to beautify Athens.
Commissioned great buildings and sculptures.
The Parthenon, a temple dedicated to Athena, is an example.

9. Golden Age: The Parthenon
A part of Athen’s acropolis
Used traditional Greek design
Designed by Phidias is 23,000 sq. ft containing a 30ft ivory statue of Athena
Influenced the architecture of other cultures.

10. Golden Age: The Arts
Greek plays (theatre) thrived on topics of comedies & tragedies.
Comedies included slapstick and crude humor
Tragedies were related to love, hate, war and betrayal.
Often stage in outdoor amphitheaters

11. Golden Age: History
Writing and records keep are essential parts of civilization.
Herodotus: considered 1st historian. His work on Persian War is 1st history book.
Thucydides: believed history repeated itself. To understand present look to the past!

12. The Peloponnesian War
Sparta grew angry at the success of Athens. In 431 B.C, declares war.
Pericles’s navy strongest. Waits to attack by sea.
Pericles cannot defeat the Spartan army on the ground.
Unfortunately, Athens lays inland.

13. The Peloponnesian War
5) Sparta attacks by land. Athenians move inside city walls 6) Disaster Strikes Athens. Plague kills 1/3 of Athenians including Pericles. 7) Athens continues to fights. Sign truce in 421 B.C. 8) Peace does not last long.

14. The Peloponnesian War
9) In 415 B.C., Athens attacks Syracuse, a Spartan ally. 10) Syracuse was Sparta’s wealthiest ally. 11) Sparta completely destroy Athenian navy & army 12) Athens surrenders. Empire is lost. Sparta wins Peloponnesian War

15. Philosophers Search for Truth
Following their defeat, Athenians look to logic and reason to explain their dramatic decline.
A group called Sophists question traditional ways of life including the gods.
Many Athenians are angered by their work

16. The Great Philosophers: Socrates
Socrates questioned the Sophists. He believed in set standards for truth & justice.
Asked Athenians to question their moral character.
Socrates was convicted of “corrupting the youth” and sentenced to death.

17. The Great Philosophers: Plato
A student of Socrates
Plato’s Apology tells of the trial and execution of Socrates.
Best works is The Republic. Believed that intellectuals should run the republic, “philosopher king.”
Plato’s school was called Academy.

18. The Great Philosophers: Aristotle
A student of Plato at the Academy.
Developed a method of arguing through the use of logic.
We know that today as the Scientific Method.
Opened the Lyceum as his school.
Called to Macedonia to teach a Prince Alexander

19. The Rise of Alexander the Great
In 359 B.C., King Phillip II of Macedonia defeats Athens.
Athens under Macedonian control, Phillip’s son, Alexander, prepares to be king.
Under Aristotle, he learned science, geography and literature.

20. The Rise of Alexander the Great
4) Learned the art of war and leadership. 5) Becomes king at age 20. 6) Known for cruelty in war, remaining Greek city-states surrender to him.

21. Alexander attacks Persia
Alexander’s cavalry race toward Anatolia in Persian Empire.
Persian King Darius III cannot stop Alexander
Darius evacuates. Alexander claims western Persian Empire, including Egypt.

22. Alexander attacks Persia
4) Alexander attacks Darius at Persepolis, Persian capital.
5) Darius flees again. Alexander takes control of Persian Empire.
6) Alexander burns Persepolis to mark end of Persian empire.

23. Alexander Attacks India
Alexander finds Darius murdered near Caspian Sea.
Moves east toward Mauryan Empire in India.
Conquers Mauryans up to Indus River valley.
In 323 B.C., Alexander dies having conqueror most of the known world to Greeks.

24. Alexander Spreads Greek Culture
Alexander spreads Greek culture into conquered lands.
The blending of Greek culture with Egyptian, Persian & Indian is called Hellenistic Culture
Capital of Hellenistic culture was Alexandria, Egypt.
Alexandria was the center of learning including the Great Library.

25. Alexander Spreads Greek Culture
5) The Great Library contained half a million papyrus documents.
6) It included a museum, a zoo, a botanical garden, and a shrine to the greek gods.
7)) Alexandria was the home of a 2nd wonder of Ancient world, The Pharos or Great Lighthouse.

26. Advances of Hellenistic Culture Astronomy
Aristarchus of Samos
Proved that the sun was larger than the earth
Proved that the planet revolved around the son (unfortunately, no one listened to him.)
2) Eratosthenes
-closely calculated the circumference of the earth.

27. Advances of Hellenistic Culture Math
Euclid
-father of geometry taught at Alexandria
2) Archimedes
-developed Pi
-developed principles of pneumatic pressure
-developed prototype steam engine

28. Advances of Hellenistic Culture Philosophy
1)Stoicism
Stoics believe people should live virtuous lives in harmony with gods and nature
2) Epicureanism
Epicurians taught the greatest good came from highest pleasure and avoidance of pain.