1. Chapter 18 LECTURE OUTLINE Development & Geography
Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan
Chapter 18 LECTURE OUTLINE Development & Geography

2. Meanings of Development and Development Disparities Today 1
Economic Development
the expansion and improvement of a country’s economy
raises living standards
World development focuses on raising the living standards of the poorest countries and reducing disparities among countries
Poor countries: “the Third World”, “less developed countries”, “the developing world”
Rich countries: “the First World,” “developed countries,” “more developed countries”
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3. GNI per Capita
Figure 18A.1
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4. Purchasing Power Parity
more refined measure than GNI, to account for factors like subsidence economies
Figure 18A.2
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5. Meanings of Development and Development Disparities Today 2
Human Development Index (HDI)
Another alternative to per capita GNI
Measure of development that includes personal welfare indicators like education, and health (life expectancy), as well as income
Fairly close correlation
Subject Well-Being
How content do people feel
arbitrary
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6. Subjective Well-Being
Figure 18A.4
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7. Modernization & Economic Development 1
Development Disparities
Some countiers are more economically developed
Two sugested explanations
Modernization theory: underdevelopment is a function of progress, and will be eliminated when countries adopt Western economic models including Capitalism and Western values (“rationalism, science [vs. religion] and work ethic”)
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8. Rostow’s Model Figure 18B.2
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9. Modernization & Economic Development 2
Jeffrey Sachs viewed development as a process of overcoming a series of development traps (see table 18B.1)
Intrinsic Underdevelopment: underdevelopment is built into a global economic structure that began with colonialism and persists with
neocolonialism—former colonies remain economically subservient, often as suppliers of raw materials
Agencies such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) attempt to assist development, but controversially
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10. European Colonies Figure 18C.1
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11. GDP per Capita over Time
Figure 18B.3
“West Offshoots” = United States, Canada, and Australia
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12. % Using the Internet
the “Digital Divide” as another barrier to development
Figure 18B.5

13. World Systems Perspective on Development
A lot of modernization theory is based on a Western model and assumes that each country develops on its own
The world systems perspective views the economic system as a whole
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14. Core-Periphery Relationships
Core—areas that control capital
Periphery—areas that are economically dependent
Semi-periphery—transitional areas
Figure 18C.5

15. Commodity Export Economies
Figure 18C.6
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16. Profiles of Development: The Bottom Billion
The Fortunate Billion
(Affluent Societies)
According Collier, there now exists a 3-way stratification of the world’s population
The Majority
(Developing Societies)
The Bottom Billion
(Stagnant Economies)
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17. The Undeveloped World Figure 18D.1
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18. Possible Solutions to the Development Crisis
One possible solution is to accelerate economic growth by way of industrialization, but to do so requires a large portion of a country’s economy
To overcome this, countries may begin by manufacturing lower value-added products, such as textiles, before attempting higher value-added products, such as electronics
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19. Factors Needed for Industrialization
Figure 18E.1
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20. Average Annual GDP Growth per Capita, 2000-2007
Figure 18E.2
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21. Primary School Completion Rate, 2003-2006
Figure 18E.3
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22. Export-Led Approaches to Development
A view that production of goods for export, sometimes aided by the government, is the key to economic development
The Tiger economies of East Asia (somewhat) successfully employed this strategy
Taiwan, South Korea. Hong Komg, Singapore
China’s exports may be about 40% of its economy
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23. Structuralist & Sustainable Development Models
Many approaches to development can be said to fit into the structuralist school of development
Sees government interaction as key; can be full government control or partial
Sustainable development seeks a more even distribution of wealth and protection of the environment
More focused on quality of life
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