2. Text is the basic building block of print production
Typographer = person who design type and designs with type
Compositor = someone who sets type

3. Scripts

4. Scripts

5. Hot Metal Setting
The first in the Western world, invented by Johannes Gutenberg, closely imitated the writing of scribes. He created a set of over 300 characters In printing and typography, hot metal typesetting (also called mechanical typesetting, hot lead typesetting, hot metal, and hot type) refers to technologies for typesetting text in letterpress printing. This method injects molten type metal into a mold that has the shape of one or more glyphs. The resulting sorts and slugs are later used to press ink onto paper. The lead hardens sufficiently to print repeatedly with acceptable levels of wear. Type for letterpress was always designed “the wrong way around” in mirror image. IN letterpress the fact that characters are carved into steel had strong influence on type design.
Moveable type – making a book with moveable type

6. Gutenberg’s font over 300 characters to imitate the writing of the scribes

7. The language of type

8. The language of type Font
- complete set in one size of all the letters of the alphabet, complete with associated ligatures, numerals, punctuation marks and other symbols

9. The language of type Font
Typeface or face - the design of the alphabet and its associated marks. Every typeface has a name

10. The language of type Font Typeface or face
Alphanumeric character set – letters of the alphabet, the numerals and all the associated marks and symbols collectively.
Individually they are known as Sorts

11. COMPLETE SET OF SORTS WILL ALSO INCLUDE
Alternative letters, for the end of lines for examples and ornamental or swash capitals
Dipthongs such as ae or oe
Ligatures such a fi and fl
Accented letters or floating – accents for setting foreign languages, such as a (grave), e (acute), o (circumflex)
Lining and Non lining numbers – lining up on baseline or not
Punctuation marks
Reference marks *
Fractions and mathematical signs -+=

12. Measuring Type
Point

13. Measuring Type
Point
There are 72 points to the inch. A Pica is 12 points and so measures 1/6 inch. Type is generally measured in points.
Points refers back to metal letterpress type.

14. Measuring Type
Point
There are 72 points to the inch. A Pica is 12 points and so measures 1/6 inch. Type is generally measured in points.
Points refers back to metal letterpress type.
Descenders – j, q, p
Ascenders – l, k, h

15. Measuring Type Width and Spacing
Point
Width and Spacing
The width of a letter is called the set.
Some letters are naturally wider than others i and m so typesetting the body is divided into units.
The space around type is often as important as the letterform itself
Side bearings
Font metrics

16. Measuring Type Em and En Point Width and Spacing
This is the width of capital M
This is the width of capital N
Not an absolute measurement

17. Measuring Type Kerning Point Width and Spacing Em and en
Space between single letters

18. Measuring Type Tracking Point Width and Spacing Em and en Kerning
Space between words

19. Measuring Type Point Width and Spacing Em and en Kerning Leading
Space between lines of text Space between lines of text
Space between lines of text

20. Measuring Type Justification and Hyphenation
Point
Width and Spacing
Em and en
Kerning
Leading
Justification and Hyphenation
Left aligned or ragged right, flush left or ranged left
Right aligned – ranged right or ragged left
Justified or Centered

21. Measuring Type Widows and Orphans Point Width and Spacing Em and en
Kerning
Leading
Justification and Hyphenation
Widows and Orphans

22. Measuring Type
Widows and Orphans

23. TEXT Copy Copy preparation Style sheet or type specification
Manuscript
Proofing
Hard copy
Casting off and copy fitting
House Style

24. Choosing Type Faces
Each typeface can convey different things and are chosen in accordance for audience or practicality.

25. Choosing Type Faces Serif
Each typeface can convey different things and are chosen in accordance for audience or practicality.
Serif
marks or flourishes around the extremities of letters, on the baseline and at the top. They help make type more readable.
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz – garamond
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz - baskerville

26. Choosing Type Faces Sans Serif
Each typeface can convey different things and are chosen in accordance for audience or practicality.
Sans Serif
no flourishes or serifs. Did not become popular until the early 1900’s.
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz – helvetica
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz – avenir book

27. Choosing Type Faces Earmarks Legibility Readability
Each typeface can convey different things and are chosen in accordance for audience or practicality.
Earmarks
Legibility
Readability

28. READABILITY Legibility is a function of how typefaces are used.
It’s about how inviting your type is to read and about getting the viewer to want to read it.
Legibility is mostly a function of typeface design.
It’s a measure of how easy it is to recognize one letter or word from another and how easy blocks of text are to read.

29. Readability typography.
Is how easy it is to read words, phrases, blocks of copy such as a book, a web page or an article.
The way in which words and blocks of type are arranged on a page.
Also may mean "easy, interesting and enjoyable to read
Readability is about
typography.
Readability

30. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.

31. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy

32. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Strike-on or cold-metal
Typesetting produced directly on to paper using a typewriter or rub-down lettering.
cutting and pasting of existing type
rub-down dry-transfer lettering
Strike on Setting the marks made at the the time of setting

33. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Strike-on or cold-metal
Typesetting produced directly on to paper using a typewriter or rub-down lettering.
cutting and pasting of existing type
rub-down dry-transfer lettering
Strike on Setting the marks made at the the time of setting
Advantages
Quick
Direct setting by relatively unskilled setter
Inexpensive

34. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Strike-on or cold-metal
Typesetting produced directly on to paper using a typewriter or rub-down lettering.
cutting and pasting of existing type
rub-down dry-transfer lettering
Strike on Setting the marks made at the the time of setting
Advantages
Quick
Direct setting by relatively unskilled setter
Inexpensive
Disadvantages
Poor selection of type faces
Crude intercharacter spacing
Justified setting difficult
Low quality

35. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter
Hot Metal Setting
handsetting is still used whenever beautiful typography is demanded for some high quality publications and limited edition poetry books.

36. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter
Hot Metal Setting
handsetting is still used whenever beautiful typography is demanded for some high quality publications and limited edition poetry books.
Linotype
Monotype

37. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter
Hot Metal Setting
Advantages
quality
Uses original type designs.
Can be quick to set up for small jobs like business cards.
Nowadays mainly reserved for short-run prestigious invitations, overprinting diplomas and for private press editions of poetry books

38. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter
Hot Metal Setting
Disadvantage
labor intensive and costly.
Must hold large inventory of metal type.
Can run out of sorts I the middle of a job.
Machine setting is noisy and highly skilled.
Metal type is inflexible, does not enlarge well and cannot be set close. Limited availability

39. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter
Hot Metal Setting
Phototypesetting or Photosetting

40. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter
Hot Metal Setting
Phototypesetting or Photosetting
Became popular in the 1960’s
2 part process
Compositor generated magnetic tape or paper
Transferred to image setter

41. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter
Hot Metal Setting
Phototypesetting or Photosetting
advantages over hot metal
Letters could be set closer together.
They could also be touching, or even overlapping
Sharper
Fast
Relatively inexpensive

42. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter
Hot Metal Setting
Phototypesetting or Photosetting
disadvantages over hot metal
all sizes produced by 1 font master.
More “sterile” look than hot metal.
Mechanicals usually needed to produce pages.
Becoming obsolete.

43. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter
Hot Metal Setting
Phototypesetting
Computer

44. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter
Hot Metal Setting
Phototypesetting
Computer
Advantages
greater range of typefaces to choose from
Quality and Flexibility of digital type
all sizes are created by scaling
adjust the size of type to fit a certain space
text to be set, around an elipse or along a freeform curve.
tweak existing faces to your own preferences or create entirely new faces from scratch.
Do it yourself typesetting so no typesetting costs

45. Typesetting Systems Many ways of producing type.
Hand writing and Calligraphy
Cold Metal Setting or Strike Setter
Hot Metal Setting
Phototypesetting
Computer
Disadvantages
designs vary between suppliers.
Choice of sizes, leading and tracking can result in unimaginative use of defaults.
More responsibility for designer.

46. Raster Principal

47. Raster Principal
A raster is the line that makes up the picture on a television screen. On digital devices like a computer screen, each line is divided into a series of dots called pixels and the resolution of the screen is described in terms of the number of pixels horizontally by the number of lines vertically. Thus the screen resolution of a computer monitor may have a resolution of 1024 x 768 or 1280 x 1024.
Another way of measuring resolution is by the number of dots per inch. Or dpi.

48. Type Formats
Postscript
True Type
Open Type

49. Type Formats Postscript
Letterform as Lines and curves (vector) rather than dots (raster)
describes not only letterforms, but also vector drawings
proprietary piece of software Adobe

50. Vector/Postscript Image

51. Postscript Text vs Bitmap

52. Type Formats TrueType and Open Type Rival formats
Developed by Microsoft and Apple
Was TrueType now Open Type
Uses a single font file for all its outline, metric and bitmap data
Unicode
Opticals