1. An Introduction to Zoology
General Information

2. I. Basics
Zoology is the study of the entire animal kingdom (zo- {New Latin} = animal; -ology = study of, knowledge)
B. Zoology is a subset of biology
C. One of the broadest fields in all of science
20,000 known species of bony fishes
300,000 known species of beetles

3. II. The Commonality of Living Things
A. All are composed of cells (animals are multicellular, heterotrophic organisms)
1. Cell Theory is a basic tenet of biology. The cell theory states that:
a) all living things are composed of cells
b)  the cell is the fundamental unit of life
c)   all cells in our modern atmosphere and conditions must come from pre-existing cells (“omni cellula a cellula” ….Virchow)

4. B. Genetic Unity
1. All organisms contain heredity information in the same molecule, a nucleic acid called DNA
2.  The DNA of living organisms is remarkably similar. The more closely related two organisms are to each other, the more similar is their DNA
3. The DNA is not only the reason of the genetic continuity of organisms, but it is also the source of genetic and physical diversity through the process of mutation

5. C. Organisms share a common genetic history – it is termed the evolution of the species
1. Evolution is the unifying theory of biology
2. Evidences for evolution:
a) diversity of living and extinct species (currently it is estimated that there is anywhere between 4 to 30 million different species existing today; millions of other species have gone extinct since life began)
b) Fossil record…study of paleontology
c) Comparative embryology (“ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”) – the embryonic development of an organism mirrors somewhat its evolutionary history
d) Study of DNA and its relatedness between species

6. e) Molecular biology and the study of proteins in organisms
f) Biogeography – the study of the distribution of plants, animals, and fossils throughout the world (Nearctic, Neotropical, Palearctic, Oriental, Australian, Ethiopian)
g) Comparative Anatomy
1) homologous structures – structures that are alike anatomically, but function differently
2) analogous structures – structures that have different developmental and anatomical origins, but function similarly (convergent evolution)
3) vestigial structures – anatomical structures that were useful during some time in the species history, but no longer are functional

7. D. Organisms share same environmental pressures
1.  Organisms must adapt to existing surrounding conditions or face extinction
2.   Ecological problems
a)     Pollution of air and water sources
b)      Human overpopulation
c)      Loss of habitat
d)      Global warming issues from human activities
e)      Over fishing and over hunting
f)       Use of non-renewable fuels (oil, coal, petroleum)
g) Decline of rainforests

8. III. Components of Zoology
A. Specialties or sub-disciplines
1.       Study of fish – ichthyology
2.       Study of birds – ornithology
3.       Study of insects – entomology
4.       Study of reptiles and amphibians – herpetology
5.       Study of mammals – mammalogy
6.       Study of mollusks – malacology
7.       Study of spiders – arachnology
8.       Study of one-celled animals –protozoology
9.       Study of parasites – parasitology

9. Classification the grouping of information or objects based on
Taxonomy is the science of grouping
and naming organisms.
Classification the grouping of
information or objects based on
similarities.

10. We only know about a fraction of the
organisms that exist or have existed on Earth.
Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to
each species they know about whether it’s alive
today or extinct.
The scientific name comes from one of two
“dead” languages – Latin or ancient Greek.
Why use a dead language?

11. Devil Cat

12. Ghost Cat

13. Mountain Lion

14. Screaming Cat

15. Puma

16. Florida Panther

17. Cougar

18. There are at least 50 common names for
the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.
Common names vary according to region.

19. Binomial Nomenclature
   
a two name system for writing scientific names.
The genus name is written first (always Capitalized).    
The species name is written second (never capitalized).    
Both words are
italicized if typed or underlined if hand written.
Example: Felis concolor or F. concolor
Which is the genus? The species?

20. Categories within Kingdoms
Kingdoms are divided into groups called phyla
Phyla are subdivided into classes
Classes are subdivided into orders
Orders are subdivided into families
Families are divided into genera
Genera contain closely related species
Species is unique
Categories within Kingdoms

22. VERTEBRATES (CHORDATES): (1 phylum)
THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMALS: 1. 2. 3.
Nine Animal Phyla
INVERTEBRATES:
VERTEBRATES (CHORDATES): (1 phylum)
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
CAPABILITY OF LOCOMOTION
MUST INJEST FOOD
(8 PHYLA)
ALL LACK INTERNAL SKELETON, SOME HAVE EXOSKELTON OR SHELL
INTERNAL SKELTON MADE OF BONE/ CARTILAGE

23. Characteristics of Animals
1. Multicellular, eukaryotes
2. Heterotrophs
3. Cells w/out cell walls, many have specialized functions
4. Usually have a method of movement
5. Most reproduce sexually
6. Require oxygen

24. Describe the Body Plans of Animals
1. Symmetry: balance in body proportions
a. Asymmetrical:have irregularly shaped bodies, no symmetry

25. b. Radial symmetry: can be divided along any plane to produce 2 halves which look alike
c. Bilateral: can be divided only one way to produce mirror image halves
Radial
Bilateral Symmetry
Posterior end
Dorsal
Ventral
Planes of Symmetry
Anterior end
Planes of symmetry

26. Phylum Porifera
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Annelida
Phylum Mollusca
Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Chordata

27. 1. PORIFERA:
SIMPLEST ANIMALS
NO TISSUE LAYERS
EXAMPLES: SPONGES

28. 2. CNIDARIA HOLLOW BODY HAVE STINGING CELLS
TWO BODY FORMS MEDUSA & POLYP
EXAMPLES: CORAL, JELLYFISH, SEA ANEMONE

29. 3. PLATYHELMINTHES: UNSEGMENTED WORMS FLAT WORMS
EXAMPLES: PLANARIA, FLUKE, TAPEWORM
UNSEGMENTED WORMS
FLAT WORMS

30. 4. NEMATODA UNSEGMENTED WORMS ROUND WORMS
EXAMPLES: HOOKWORMS, HEARTWORMS

31. 5. ANNELIDA SEGMENTED WORMS MOST ADVANCED WORMS
EXAMPLES: LEECH, EARTHWORMS

32. 6. ARTHROPODA SEGMENTED ANIMALS EXOSKELETONS MADE OF CHITIN
CLASS CRUSTACEAN - MARINE ORGANISMS
EXAMPLES: SHRIMP, LOBSTER, CRAB, BARNACLE

33. 7. MOLLUSCA SOME HAVE SHELL UNSEGMENTED, SOFT BODIES
EXAMPLES: SNAIL, SCALLOP
No Shells – Slugs, Squid, Octopus

34. 8. ECHINODERMATA “Spiny Skin” ONLY LIVE IN MARINE ENVIRONMENT
EXAMPLES: SEA URCHIN,
SEASTAR, BRITTLE STAR

35. All have Nerve Cord, Notochord, Post anal tail
CHORDATA
All have Nerve Cord, Notochord, Post anal tail
Invertebrate Chordates ->Tunicates, Lancelets
Vertebrate Chordates HAVE INTERNAL SKELETON
FISH, REPTILES, BIRDS, AMPHIBIANS, MAMMALS

36. Terms to Know
Symmetry
Planes through which a body can be cut and have mirror images.
Asymmetry
No Symmetry
Radial
Multiple Planes
Bilateral
1 plane (midsagital plane)

37. Terms to Know Dorsal -Back Ventral -Belly Anterior -Head
Posterior -Anus
Proximal –Closer to midline

38. Terms to Know Distal –Further from midlin Transverse –Cross section
Segment –Unit of the body that is repeated
Hydrostatic skeleton –fluid filled structure that resists compression and allows flexing
Coelom –fulid filled cavity within a body of an organism