TOPIC COVERED UNIT & DIMENSION. FORCE : PARALLELOGRAME OF FORCE.

TOPIC COVERED UNIT & DIMENSION. FORCE : PARALLELOGRAME OF FORCE.
FRICTION : STATIC FRICTION BY INCLINEDPLANE. ACCELERATION : SIMPLE PENDULUM. STRESS – STRAIN : YOUNG’S MODULUS. HEAT – TRANSFER : EXPANSION OF SOLID. ELECTRICITY : OHM’S LAW. ELECTRICITY : KIRCHOFF’S LAW. ELECTRICITY : WHEATSTONE’S BRIDGE.

TOPIC COVERED ELECTRO – CHEMISTRY : JOULE CALORIMETER.
APPARATUS USED IN LAB. GENERAL CHEMISTRY. ELEMENTS & ITS ATOMIC WEIGHT. TITRATION : ACID – BASE. PREPARATION OF CHEMICAL : ANILENE. PREPARATION OF CHEMICAL : COPPER - SULPHATE.

TOPIC COVERED .ACTION OF ACID ON METALS. ACTION OF BASE ON METALS.
HYDRO CARBON COMPOUND. PERIODIC TABLE. FERTILIZER & ITS TYPES. PRODUCTION OF UREA. PRODUCTION OF AMONIA. PRODUCTION OF GLASS. PRODUCTION OF CEMENT. PRODUCTION OF PULP. PRODUCTION OF PAPER. WATER TREATMENT.

PHYSICS Units and Dimension Force and Friction
Motion, Speed, Velocity and Acceleration Density and Specific Gravity Stress and Strain Heat and Temperature

UNITS & DIMENSIONS System of Units Types of Units Absolute Units
-Length (cm, m, km) -Weight (gm, kg) -Time (sec) Derived Units -Velocity (m/s) -Acceleration (m/s2) -Area (m2) System of Units Metric System (CGS or MKS) System International Force – Newton Work - joule British System (FPS)

UNITS AND DIMENTION Units have two types :- ( 1 ) Fundamental Units.
( 2 ) Derivative Units. Fundamental Units :- The units which used to measurement of Length , Mass and Time are called as Fundamental Units. Derivative Units :- The other units which made from Fundamental Units are called Derivative Units.

UNITS AND DIMENTION Measurement of Units have two methods :-
( 1 ) Metric method. ( 2 ) British method. Metric method :- In this method Length, Mass and Time are measured in res. Centimeter , Gram and Second. British method :- In this method Length , Mass and Time are measured in Foot , Pound and Second.

UNITS AND DIMENTION In Metric method two types of measurement :-
( 1 ) C. G. S. Method. ( 2 ) M. K. S. Method. Length Mass Time C. G. S cm gm sec M. K. S Meter kg sec

UNITS AND DIMENTION S. I. Units ( International System ) :- પરિમાણ એકમ
પરિમાણ એકમ બળ ન્યુટન કાર્ય જુલ કાર્ય શકિત જુલ કાર્ય ત્વરા વૉટ ઉષ્ણતામાન ડિગ્રી સેંન્ટીગ્રેડ ઉષ્ણતા કેલરી વિદ્યુત કૂલમ્બ વેગ મીટર/સેકન્ડ પ્રવેગ મીટર/સેકંન્ડ2

UNITS AND DIMENTION Units of Length :- mm = 1 cm 10 cm = 1 desi meter
0 cm = meter 10 meter = deca mete 100 meter = hecto meter 1000 Meter = km

UNITS AND DIMENTION Units of Mass :- mg = 1 centigram
10 centigram = desi gram 0 mg = gram gram = deca gram gram = hecto gram Gram = kg

UNITS AND DIMENTION Units of Temperature :- oC , oF , oR and oK
Relation between temperature units :- oC = oF – = oR = oK

UNITS AND DIMENTION Units of Time :- 60 second = 1 minute
60 minutes = hour 24 hours = day 365 Days = year

FORCE AND FRICTION FORCE: An effect which causes change in
a stationary body or a moving body. Force = mass * acceleration Units = Newton , dyne FRICTION: When two surfaces kept on each other are forced to move they experience resistance. This resistance is called friction.

FORCE FORCE - A body at rest begins to move and a moving body has its velocity changed when an external effect acts on it is called force. * A force is that physical quantity which changes the state of a body * Units of force: IN C.G.S. - Dyne. IN M.K.S. - Newton. * Relation b/n Dyne & Newton: 1 Newton = Dyne. A square which both in front of sides are parallel is called parallelogram.

FORCE Law of Parallelogram of Force :- If the two forces acting on a body are represented in direction and magnitude by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, the diagonal passing through the common point of the adjacent sides gives the direction and magnitude of their resultant.

FRICTION

FRICTION FRICTION - When two surfaces are sliding on one another there is resistance exists and disturbed it called friction. - Friction has three types : (1) State friction (2) Sliding friction (3) Rolling friction - Co- efficient of state friction using inclined plane.

FRICTION FRICTION - When two surfaces are sliding on one another there is resistance exists and disturbed it called friction. Co – efficient = Pressure = P Weight W Mechanical Advantage ( M. A. ) = Weight = W Pressure P

MOTION, SPEED, VELOCITY,ACCELERATION
MOTION = When an object changes its place relative to another object is called motion. SPEED = Distance travel in unit time is called speed. VELOCITY = Speed in one particular direction within given time limit is called velocity. Velocity = Speed/Time ACCELERATION = Change in Velocity is called acceleration. Acceleration = Change in velocity/ Time

ACCELERATION Length of Pendulum

ACCELERATION -A heavy body suspended from one end of a string of negligible mass and tied to a rigid support at the other end is known as simple pendulum. - Periodic time is the time taken by a body to complete one oscillction or rotation in its motion. - The distance of the center of suspended bob from the rigid support is known as length of pendulam.

ACCELERATION L = l’ + x + 2r Periodic Time ( T ) = 2π √ l g
l = Length of Pendulum g = Acceleration due to gravity

STRESS & STRAIN STRESS = When an external force is applied to body, internal resistive force is produced in unit cross-sectional area of the body which is called stress. S = p/a Where, S = stress, p = external force, a = cross-sectional area STRAIN = When stress is produced in the body it causes change in its volume or shape which is called strain. e = 9l/l Where, e = strain , 9l = change in length , l = original length.

YOUNGS MODULES YOUNGS MODULUS ( Y ) = Tensile Stress Tensile Strain

YOUNGS MODULES STRESS - Restoring force produced internally and acting normally on unit area of the cross-section of wire is called tensile stress. Tensile stress = Restoring force = F / A N/m 2 Area STRAIN -The ratio of the increase in length and the original of the wire is called tensile strain. Tensile strain = Increase in length = Δl / l no unit original length

YOUNGS MODULES --Stress is proportional to strain. --The ratio as tensile stress and tenste strain is called young's modulus (y) Y=Tensile stress = F/A =F.l Tensile strain Δl/l A.Δl Y=mg.l N/m {F=mg. A= πr2} π r2.Δl

HEAT & TEMPRATURE HEAT = The hotness in substance is called heat.
TEMPERATURE = The digit or number indicating the heat surface in substance is called temperature. Units = 0C , 0F , 0K , 0R

HEAT TRANSFER IN SOLID In H. T. solid heated by steam which produces from water directly heated by burner but solid not directly heated by burner.

HEAT - TRANSFER IN SOLID
Length of rod L=________cm At temp T1 c, spherometer reading L1=____cm At temp T2 c, spherometer readinL2______cm Expansion of solid = (L2 – L1) X L (t2 - t1)

OHM’S LAW

OHM’S LAW The current which flows into the circuit is
Proportional to the voltage and inverse to resistance. I = V I = 1 R

KIRCHOFF’S LAW A - ampere meter K - key V - volt meter E - battery

KIRCHOFF’S LAW In circuit at any junction , the current which comes to the junction (+) and the current which go away from the junction ( - ) are equal. So the value of current of any junction is zero.

WHEATSTONE BRIDGE

WHEATSTONE BRIDGE History of Wheatstone bridge : -
In 1843 Charles Wheatstone devised an arrangement to determine the value of unknown resistance accurately and rapidly.

WHEATSTONE BRIDGE . Wheat stone's bridge consists of four resistances R1, R2, R3, and Rx connected so as to form a quadric-- lateral ABCD.Galvanometer is connected between points B and D while battery and key is connected between points A and C. The values of the resistances are so adjusted that on closing the key K no deflection is obtained in the Galvanometer G. This means that no Current is flowing through the Galvanometer. Which Implies that the points B and D are at the same potential. In this condition the bridge is said to be balanced.

MECHANICAL EQUVALENT OF HEAT (J)

MECHANICAL EQUVALENT OF HEAT (J)
Take 80gm of H2O (water) in calorimeter. Then stirrer put in it and closed the caloric-meter. After it prepare the circuit by using the figure. Nothing the initial temp. by using thermometer which put in the caloric- meter. Now colori- meter heated by steam until 10 minutes. During this period note down the V - meter and A - meter. Noting the second temp. After it 5 minutes cool-down it. Then note - down the final- temp.After calculation we get J.

CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE CHBT – 04 GENERAL CHEMISTRY

APPARATUS USED IN LAB . PIPET BURATTE

APPARATUS USED IN LAB BEAKER CONICAL FLASK

APPARATUS USED IN LAB TANG TEST TUBE HOLDER

APPARATUS USED IN LAB MEASURING CYLINDER FUNNEL

APPARATUS USED IN LAB TEST TUBE BRUSH DROPPER

APPARATUS USED IN LAB STAND BURNER

APPARATUS USED IN LAB NET PORSELINE TILE

GENERAL CHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
SAFETY PRECAUTION IN CHEMICAL LAB ELEMENT , ATOM & MOLECULE ACID, BASE & SALT CHEMICAL BONDING GLASS DYES CEMENT INSECTISIDES COLLOIDS CORROSION

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY
Chemistry is most important branch of science by which we can know about the structure & qualities of substance. Branches of chemistry Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Physical Chemistry Special Subjective Chemistry Industrial Chemistry Bio Chemistry Agricultural Chemistry Now a days Chemistry is related to different fields like medicine, foods, pesticides, agriculture, alkalis , acids, salts, colors, polymers, soaps, detergents, metals, weather & computer processes etc.. Many fields are co-related with eachohter. In chemistry there is also other branches like Radio Chemistry, Electro Chemistry, Light Chemistry etc..

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN CHEMICAL LAB
Be familiar with first aid measures before using chemicals. Wipe up all spills and bottle rings immediately. Wear a protective apron. Avoid inhaling toxic vapor and use fume hoods where indicated. For protection from flying objects caused by others, wear eye protective device. Use of safety goggles is mandatory. No smoking in the laboratory.

Molecule ( અણુ ) :- પદાર્થના નાનામાં નાના ભાગને અણુ કહેવામાં આવે છે.
GENERAL CHEMISTRY Molecule ( અણુ ) :- પદાર્થના નાનામાં નાના ભાગને અણુ કહેવામાં આવે છે. Atom ( પરમાણુ ) :- અણુનાં નાનામાં નાના કણને પરમાણુ કહે છે. પરમાણુ એ અવિભાજ્ય અંગ છે. Element (તત્ત્વ ) :- જે પદાર્થના અણુઓ એક જ પ્રકારનાં પરમાણુઓના બનેલા હોય છે તેને તત્ત્વ કહે છે. અણુભાર :- પદાર્થના એક મોલ અણુઓના વજનને તે પદાર્થનો અણુભાર કહે છે. પરમાણુભાર :- કોઇ પણ તત્ત્વના એક મોલ પરમાણુના ગ્રામમાં દર્શાવેલા વજનને તે તત્ત્વનો પરમાણુભાર કહે છે. મોલ :- તત્ત્વના પરમાણુભાર જેટલા પરમાણુઓની સખ્યાને એક મોલ કહે છે. 1 મોલ = ҳ 1023

GENERAL CHEMISTRY મિશ્રણ :- જે પદાર્થના અણુઓ બે કે બેથી વધુ પ્રકારના પરમાણુઓના બનેલા હોય તેને મિશ્રણ કહે છે. સંયોજન :- જે પદાર્થના અણુઓ બે કે બેથી વધુ પ્રકારના પરમાણુઓના અને ચોક્કસ પ્રમાણમાં હોય તેને સંયોજન કહે છે. આયનિક બંધ :-સંયોજનમા રહેલ એક પરમાણુ ઇલેકટ્રોન ગુમાવે અને બીજો મેળવે ત્યાં બન્ને વચ્ચે રચાતા બંધને આયનિક બંધ કહે છે. સહ સંયોજક બંધ :- સંયોજનમા રહેલા પરમાણુઓ જ્યારે ઇલકટ્રોનની ભાગીદારીથી બંધ બનાવે તેને સહ સંયોજક બંધ કહે છે.

ELEMENT, ATOM & MOLECULE
The smallest particle of substance is called atom. Division of atom is not possible. Combination of two or more types of atoms is called molecule. Molecule is smallest particle of compound. Element is made up of same kind of atoms. Compound is made up of combination of different kinds of atoms.

ELEMENTS & ITS ATOMIC WEIGHT
Name Atomic wt. H Hydrogen 1 He Helium 4 C Carbon 12 N Nitrogen 14 O Oxygen 16 Na Sodium 23 Mg Magnesium 24 Al Aluminum 27

Name Atomic wt. P Phosphorous 31 S Sulfur 32 Cl Chlorine 35.5 K Potassium 39 Ca Calcium 40 Mn Manganese 55 Fe Iron 56 Ni Nickel 59

Name Atomic wt. Cu Copper 63.5 Zn Zink 65 Ag Silver 108 Au Gold 195 Hg Mercury 197 Pb Led 207 U Uranium 238

ACID , BASE & SALT INTRODUCTION OF ACID ACID INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION OF BASE BASE INFORMATION SALT

INTRODUCTION OF ACID The compound which dissolve in water and gives H+ ion is called acid. Most acids are bitter . It converts blue litmus paper into red. It reacts with base and gives salt and water. Electricity passes through the acid solution

ACID INFORMATION SR. . NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA TYPES OF ACID/BASE
MOLECULAR WEIGHT (GM/MOLE) BASICITY ACIDITY EQUIVALENT WEIGHT (GM/EQUIV.) 1 Hydrochloric acid HCL Strong acid 36.5 - 2 Sulfuric acid H2SO4 98 49 3 Nitric acid HNO3 63 4 Oxalic acid(hydrated) H2C2O4.2H2O Weak acid 126 5 Oxalic acid(non hydrated) H2C2O4 90 45 6 Acetic acid CH3COOH 60

INTRODUCTION OF BASE The compound which dissolve in water and gives OH- ions called base. It converts red litmus paper into blue. It reacts with acid and gives salt and water. Electricity passes through base solution.

MOLECULAR WEIGHT (GM/MOLE) EQUIVALENT WEIGHT (GM/EQUIV.)
INTRODUCTION OF ACID SR NO.. NAME TYPES OF ACID/BASE CHEMICAL FORMULA MOLECULAR WEIGHT (GM/MOLE) BASICITY ACIDITY EQUIVALENT WEIGHT (GM/EQUIV.) 1 Sodium hydroxide Strong base NaOH 40 - 2 Potassium hydroxide KOH 56 3 Sodium carbonate Weak base Na2CO3 106 53 4 Potassium carbonate K2CO3 138 69 5 Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 84 6 Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3 100 7 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 74 37 8 Barium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 171.40 85.7 9 Ammonium hydroxide NH4OH 35

INTRODUCTION OF ACID When a reaction is made within acid & base , water & salt is produced. There are three types of salt. (1) Simple Salt (2) Double Salt (3) Complex Salt

TITRATION Strong acid or base takes in burette.
Normal acid or base takes in pipet.

TITRATION દ્રાવણ લિટર ગ્રામ-તુલ્યભાર સપ્રમાણતા NaOH 1 40 ગ્રામ 1 N
દ્રાવણ લિટર ગ્રામ-તુલ્યભાર સપ્રમાણતા NaOH ગ્રામ N ગ્રામ N H2SO ગ્રામ N ગ્રામ N

TITRATION Strong Acid -- Strong Base Strong Acid -- Normal Base
Normal Acid -- Strong Base Burette -- Strong Base / Acid. Pipet Normal Acid / Base. INDICATOR COLOUR COLOUR IN ACID IN BASE Phenolphthalein colour – less pink Methyl orange red orange Litmus paper red blue

TITRATION

TITRATION દ્રાવણની સાંદ્રતા :- એકમ કદના દ્રાવણમા ઓગળેલા દ્રાવ્યના જથ્થાને તે દ્રાવણની સાંદ્રતા કહે છે. ગ્રામ / લિટર :- એક લિટર દ્રાવણમાં દ્રાવ્ય કરેલા દ્રાવ્ય પદર્થના ગ્રામમાં દર્શાવેલા વજનને તેના ગ્રામ /લિટર કહે છે. સપ્રમાણતા :- એક લિટર દ્રાવણમા કોઇ પણ પદાર્થના ગ્રામ-તુલ્ય ભાર જેટલું વજન દ્રાવ્ય કરેલું હોઇ તો તે દ્રાવણની સાંદ્રતાને સપ્રમાણતા કહે છે. ગ્રામ-તુલ્ય ભાર :- એક ગ્રામ હાઈડ્રોજન ચોક્કસ ગ્રામ વજનનાં તત્ત્વ કે સંયોજન સાથે સંયોજાય તો તેને તે તત્ત્વ કે સંયોજનનો ગ્રામ-તુલ્ય ભાર કહે છે.

ANILENE Nitro benzene + conc. Hydrochloric acid +
Ferrous ( In powder form )

ANILENE Raw-material :- Nitro benzene ------- C6 H5 NO2 ---- 15ml
Hydrochloric Acid -- HCL ml Ferrous (powder) Fe gm C6 H5 NO Fe + 7HCL → C6 H5 NH2 + HCL + 3FeCl2 + 2H2 O

COPPER- SULPHATE Hydrochloric acid + Nitric acid + Copper metals

COPPER- SULPHATE Raw – material :-
Pieces of copper Cu gm Nitric Acid HNO ml Sulphuric Acid H2 SO ml Cu + 2H2 SO4 HNO3 CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2 Δ

ACTION OF ACID ON METALS
H2SO4 HNO3 HCL

ACTION OF ACID ON METALS H2SO4 HCL HNO3
Metal melt & gas produces From it & after some-times solution made white colour. Solution boiling with gas & solution made white colour. Metal melt & after solution made white colour. Bubbles produces & solution made oilley colour.

ACTION OF ACID ON METALS H2SO4 HCL HNO3 Fe
Bubbles produces & metal melt in acid. Gas produces & solution made green colour & after some-times made white colour. Solution made light yellow colour & yellow colour produces & solution made wooden colour.

ACTION OF ACID ON METALS H2SO4 HCL HNO3 Cu
No effect. Bubbles produces & solution made light colour. Solution made colour & wood colour gas produces & metal melt & solution made blue colour.

ACTION OF BASE ON METALS
NaOH KOH

ACTION OF BASE ON METALS NaOH KOH Al
Bubbles produces and very effective Smell comes and solution made white Colour. Bubbles produces and very effective smell comes and solution made white colour. Cu No effective. Fe

CHEMICAL BONDING When two or more than two atoms of same element or different elements are chemically bond and make a molecule. This process is called chemical bonding e.g. 2H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) Chemical bonding is strong attractive force between two or more atoms.

HYDRO-CARBON COMPOUND ALKANE
NAME EQUATION STRUCTURE Methane CH4 H I H -- C -- H Ethane C2H6 H H I I H — C — C — H

HYDRO-CARBON COMPOUND ALKANE C3H8
NAME EQUATION STRUCTURE Propane C3H8 H H H I I I H—C -- C--C--H Butane C4H10 H H H H I I I I H --C –C—C—C—H I I I I H H H H

C5H12 H--C—C—C—C—C H H H H H Hexane
HYDRO-CARBON COMPOUND ALKANE NAME EQUATION STRUCTURE Pentane C5H12 H H H H H I I I I I H--C—C—C—C—C I I I I I H H H H H Hexane C6H14 H H H H H H I I I I I I H—C—C—C--C –C—C--H I I I I I I

HYDRO-CARBON COMPOUND ALKENE Methene ----- ----
NAME EQUATION STRUCTURE Methene ----- ---- Eathene C2H4 H H I I H— C = C --H

HYDRO-CARBONCOMPOUND C3H6
ALKENE NAME EQUATION STRUCTUR Propene C3H6 H H H I I I H—C = C -- C– H I H Butene C4H8 H H H H I I I I H - C=C—C—C—H I I H H

HYDRO-CARBON COMPOUND ALKENE C5H10
NAME EQUATION STRUCTURE Pentene C5H10 H H H H H I I I I I H--C=C—C—C—C I I I H H H Hexene C6H12 H H H H H H I I I I I I H—C=C—C—C—C—C I I I I H H H H

HYDRO-CARBON COMPOUND ALKYNE -----
NAME EQUATION STRUCTURE Methyne ----- Ethyne C2H2 H—C C—H

HYDRO-CARBON COMPOUND
ALKYNE NAME EQUATION STRUCTURE Propyne C3H4 H I H—C C—C—H

ALKYNE Butyne C4H6 H H I I H—C C—C—C -- H

ALKYNE NAME EQUATION STRUCTURE Pentyne C5H8 H H H I I I H—C C—C -- C—C—H

ALKYNE Hexyne C6H10 H H H H I I I I H—C C—C—C—C—C--H I I I I H H H H

FERTILIZER AND ITS TYPES
વનસ્પતિ માટે મુખ્યત્વે 16 જેટલા ન્યુટ્રીશનની જરૂર છે. જેના મુખ્ય સ્ત્રોત નીચે મુજબ છે. ( 1 ) હવામાંથી મળતાં તત્ત્વો :- C , O , H. ( 2 ) પાણીમાંથી મળતાં તત્ત્વો :- O , H. ( 3) જમીનમાંથી મળતાં તત્ત્વો :- N , P , K , Ca , Mg , S , I , Mn , Cu , Zn , Mb , Cl.

ન્યુટ્રીશનનાં પ્રકાર :- ( 1 ) પ્રાઇમરી ન્યુટ્રીશન :- N , P , K. ( 2 ) સેકંન્ડરી ન્યુટ્રીશન :- Ca , Mg , S , I , Cu , Zn , Mn , Cu , Cl , Mb. પ્રાઇમરી ન્યુટ્રીશનનાં ઉપયોગો :- નાઇટ્રોજન :- તેની જરૂરિયાત છોડનાં વિકાસનાં શરૂઆતનાં તબક્કામાં થડ અને પાંદડાના વિકાસને વધારવા માટે રહે છે.

ફૉસ્ફરસ :- તે પાછળના બીજા તબક્કામાં ફળ અને ફૂલ બનાવવામાં મદદરૂપ બને છે. પોટેશિયમ :- તેની જરૂરિયાત ફળ અને ફૂલમાં સ્ટાર્ચ વિકસાવવામાં થાય છે. રોગ અટકાવી શકાય છે. તેમજ N ની આડ અસર ઘટાડી શકાય છે.

નાઇટ્રોજિનીયસ ખાતર :- યૂરિયા, ડાય એમોનિયમ ફોસ્ફેટ, એમોનિયમ સલ્ફેટ, એમોનિયમ નાઇટ્રેટ, નાઇટ્રો ફોસ્ફેટ, પોટેશિયમ નાઇટ્રેટ, એમોનિયમ ફોસ્ફેટ.

PRODUCTION OF UREA Formula : NH2 CO NH2 Molecule Wt. : 60 gm / mol.
Melting Point : 135o C. Density : gm / cc. Sp. Heat. : calorie / gm. Color less, smell less, test less substance.

PRODUCTION OF UREA Two process available for production of urea :
( 1 ) Convectional process. ( 2 ) Streaming process. Raw material :- CO2 , NH3 , cooling water , steam , power. Chemical reaction :- CO NH3  NH4 COO NH2 NH4 COO NH2  NH2 CO NH2 + H2O

PRODUCTION OF UREA યુરિયાનાં ઉપયોગો :-
યુરિયાનાં ઉપયોગો :- -- યૂરિયા નાઇટ્રોજન નું મહત્તમ પ્રમાણ ( 46 % ) ધરાવતું હોવાથી ખાતર તરીકે સૌથી વધુ ઉપયોગી છે. -- એમોનિયમ સલ્ફેટનાં ઉત્પાદનમાં વપરાય છે. -- પોલ્ટ્રી ફીડમાં વપરાતાં લાઇસીન તેમજ એમિનો એસીડ બનાવવા વપરાય છે. -- પ્લાસ્ટિક પ્રોડકશન જેવાં કે ફોર્માલ્ડીહાઇડ , મેલેમાઇન વગેરે બનાવવા વપરાય છે. -- પીગમેન્ટ બનાવવા ઇન્ટરમીડિયેટ તરીકે વપરાય છે.

PRODUCTION OF AMONIA કાચો માલ :-
કાચો માલ :- જુદા-જુદા સમયે ઍમોનિયા માટે કાચા માલ તરીકે કોક, વૉટર, હાઇડ્રોકાર્બન, કોક-ઓવન ગેસ, લિગ્નાઈટ એમ ઘણાં રો-મટીરિયલ્સ વપરાયેલાં છે. પરંતુ હાલમાં મુખ્યત્વે ( 1 ) હાઈડ્રોજન :- સિંન્થેસીસ ગેસ માંથી ( 2 ) નાઇટ્રોજન :- હવાનું પ્રવાહી કરણ કરીને 1 ટન ઍમોનિયા 85 % નાં ઉત્પાદન માટે :- હાઈડ્રોજન : ટન નાઇટ્રોજન : ટન

-- સાઇનાઇડ, એમાઇડ, એમાઇન વિગેરે કેમિકલ ની બનાવટમાં
PRODUCTION OF AMONIA એમોનિયાનાં ઉપયોગો :- -- ઘરગથ્થુ ડીટરજન્ટ અને ક્લિનરના ઉત્પાદન માં. -- ઔધોગિક અને મ્યુનિસિપલ પાણીનાં સપ્લાયનું શુધ્ધિ- કરણ વખતે ફ્લોરિન સાથે કોમ્બીનેશન કરવામાં. -- સાઇનાઇડ, એમાઇડ, એમાઇન વિગેરે કેમિકલ ની બનાવટમાં -- રેફ્રીજરન્ટ તરીકે. -- ડ્રાઇ ક્લિનિંગમા ગ્રીસ દૂર કરવા વપરાય છે.

PRODUCTION OF GLASS Raw material :- Na2CO3 ( Soda ash )
CaCO3 ( Lime stone ) SiO2 ( Sand ) Chemical Reaction :- Na2CO SiO2  Na2SiO CO2 CaCO  CaO CO2 CaO SiO2  CaSiO3

GLASS INTRODUCTION OF GLASS TYPES OF GLASS OTHER TYPES OF GLASS
COLORING OF GLASS

INTRODUCTION OF GLASS Glass is a transparent mixture of Sand,Sodium carbonate or Sodium sulfate or both or potassium carbonate or calcium carbonate or lead acetate . Glass is not a Compound but mixture of various silicates so it has no any chemical formula and has not accurate melting point. Generally there is no effect of air, water and acid on it but it dissolve in Hydro Flouric acid.

TYPES OF GLASS 1.SODA LIME:
It is a mixture of sand ,lime stone and sodium carbonate. It’s chemical formula is Na2o.Cao.Sio2. 2. POTASH LIME GLASS: It is a mixture of potassium and calcium silicate. It’s chemical formula is K2O.CaO.6Sio2. It is used to make combustion tube, hard test tube and side Glass of furnace. 3. POTASH LEAD GLASS: It is a mixture of potassium silicate and lead silicate. It’s chemical formula is K2O.PbO.6SiO2. 4. PYREX GLASS: It is made from sand, borax and Aluminium oxide by heating. It is also known as ” SODIUM ALUMINIUM BOROSILICATE”. It is used for preparation of laboratory equipments.

OTHER TYPES OF GLASS 1.GINA GLASS:
It is a mixture of Zinc and Barium boro silicate. It is used for preparation of laboratory equipments. 2.CRUCK’S GLASS: It is used for preparation of eye goggles. 3.CRYSTAL GLASS: It is a mixture of Sodium carbonate, Magnesium oxide,Zink Oxide It is used for preparation of electric bulb. 4. QUARTZ GLASS: 5. BOTTLE GLASS: 6. GROUND GLASS: 7. RAINFORCED GLASS: 8. LAMINATED GLASS:

COLORING OF GLASS Metallic oxides are added to color the glass.
These metallic oxides are added with charged raw materials and fine powder. Following are the different oxides of color: 1. Blue glass : Cobalt oxide and Copper oxide. 2. Green glass : Chromium oxide or Ferrous oxide. 3. Violet glass : Manganese Dioxide. 4. White glass : Tin oxide, Tri Calcium oxide 5. Red glass : Cupric oxide or Selenium oxide. 6. Yellow glass : Ferric oxide. 7. Lemon yellowish : Cadmium Sulfide

PRODUCTION OF GLASS Types of glass :-
( 1 ) Soda lime glass. ( Soft glass ) ( 2 ) Potash lime glass ( Hard glass ) ( 3 ) Potash led glass or Flint glass ( 4 ) Pyrex glass ( 5 ) Bottle glass ( 6 ) Safety glass

PRODUCTION OF GLASS Colouring of glass :- -- Blue glass -- White glass
-- Ruby glass -- Green glass -- Violet glass Note :- Glass made colouring by using addition of metallic oxide.

CEMENT INTRODUCTION OF CEMENT TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
OTHER TYPES OF CEMENT RELATIVE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MAJOR MNUFACTURER OF CEMENT

INTRODUCTION TO CEMENT
Cement is a generic name for powdered materials, which initially have plastic flow when mixed with water or other liquid, but form a solid structure in several hours with varying degree of strength and bonding properties which continue to improve with varying degree of strength and bonding properties which continue to improve with age. Portland cement is defined as finely ground calcium, aluminates and silicates of varying compositions which hydrate when mixed with water to form a rigid continuous structure with good compressive strength.

TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
REGULAR(type1): 40-60% C3S, 10-30% Ca2S, 7-13% Ca3A; MODIFIED(type2): higher C2S/C3S to resist sulfate attack. HIGH EARLY STRENGTH(type3): Attains strength of type I in 3 days. C3S and C3A percentage with finer grinding to increase hydration rate. LOW HEAT(type4): low C3S and C3A SULFATE RESISTANT(type5): C3A<4%

OTHERE TYPES OF CEMENT HIGH ALUMINA – Manufactured by fusing limestone and bauxite; rapid of strength development to high values but with high heat rate liberation; superior resistance to sea and sulfate waters. POZZOLANA- mixture of volcanic ash, burnt clay or shale in 2-4 parts with hydrated lime. Mixed with Portland cement as a cheap extender. HYDRAULIC LIME – used only for brick mortar composition, low price and strength. MAGNESIUM OXYCHLORIDE-high strength ,spark proof, wear resistant flooring, high bonding strength to wood fibers.

CEMENT INTRODUCTION OF CEMENT TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT
OTHER TYPES OF CEMENT RELATIVE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MAJOR MNUFACTURER OF CEMENT

RELATIVE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(kg/cm2)
TYPE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH(kg/cm2) 1day 3days 28days PORTLAND Type 1 37 120 340 Type2 28 83 260 Type 3 103 240 440 Type 4 20 49 177 Type 5 88 214 HYDRATED LIME 14 30 ALUMINOUS 280 480 690

MAJOR MANUFACTURER OF CEMENT
Associated Cement Companies ltd. Birla Jute Industries Ltd. Grasim Industries Ltd. Gujarat Ambuja Cement Ltd. J.K.Corporation Ltd. Larsen and Toubro Ltd. Madras Cement Ltd. Mysore Cement Ltd. Shree Digvijay Cement Company Ltd.

PRODUCTION OF CEMENT Composition of Cement :- CaO 62 % SiO2 22 %
Al2O % MgO % Fe2O % SO % Na2O % K2O O %

PRODUCTION OF CEMENT Raw material :- Portland cement 1 ton
Clay ( માટી ) ton Lime stone ton Gypsum ton Col ton Water ton Electricity KWH

PRODUCTION OF CEMENT Types of cement :- ( 1 ) Portland cement.
( 2 ) High Alumina. ( 3 ) Pozolona. ( 4 ) Hydraulic lime. ( 5 ) Magnesium Oxychloride. ( 6 ) Blast furnesh cement. ( 7 ) Snow cem. ( 8 ) Morter

DYES INTRODUCTION OF DYES BASIC REQUISITES OF TRUE DYE
GENERAL PROPERTIES EQUATION USE CLASSIFICATION CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATON

INTRODUCTION OF DYES A dye is a substance imparting color to any material of which it becomes an integral part. CHEMISTRY OF DYES Aromatic ring structure coupled with side chain construction is nearly always required to give resonance and in turn impart color. COLOR PHENOMENA Resonance structures which cause displacement or appearance of absorption bands in the visible spectrum are responsible for visible colors.

BASIC REQUISITES OF TRUE DYE
The requisites of a true dye are as follows. A dye must have a suitable color. It must have an attractive color. It must be able to attach it self to material from solution or to be capable of fixed on it. It must be soluble in water. It must be fast washing , dry cleaning , perspiration , light , hear etc. It must be able to absorb dye from dye bath under suitable conditions of concentration Temp. and PH.

GENERAL PROPERTIES SYNTHESIS EQUATION:
DYE= CHROMOGEN CHROMOPHORE +AUXOCHROME

INSECTISIDES INTRODUCTION OF INSECTICIDES MODE CLASSIFICATION
CHEMICAL NATURE CLASSIFICATION

INTRODUCTION OF INSECTISIDES
Insecticides are such chemicals which contacted by cuticle or by oral ingestion of stomach poison or by the action of fumigants from air or used to destroy or to control the insects. CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTICIDES Insecticides are classified by two ways: (A) According to mode of application. (B) According to their chemical nature.

MODE CLASSIFICATION According to mode of application ,insecticides are classified by following ways. 1. STOMACH INSECTICIDES: Insecticides which are eaten by insects are called stomach insecticides. These are also known as internal insecticides. 2. CONTACT INSECTICIDES: Insecticides whish destroy the insects externally are called contact insecticides. These are also known as external insecticides. 3. FUMIGANTS: Insecticides which diffuse their action by gaseous form are called fumigants. BHC, Nicotine and CS2 are such fumigants. 4. ATTRACTANTS: Insecticides which attracts insects by climax are called attractants. 5. REPELLENTS: These insecticides are slow poison. These are used for termites and household insects

CHEMICAL NATURE CLASSIFICATION
According to chemical nature ,insecticides are classified as following ways: 1.IN-ORGANIC INSECTICIDES: These insecticides act as stomach insecticides 2.NATURAL ORGANIC INSECTICIDES: Generally these insecticides act as contact insecticides. These insecticides used with other toxicants. 3.SYNTHETIC ORGANIC INSECTICIDES: Generally these insecticides act as stomach and contact insecticides. These are further classified in three categories: (a) Halogen derivatives (b) Nitrophenols (c) Organo phosphorous.

COLLOIDS COLOIDAL SOLUTION PHYSICAL STATE CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON NATURE OF PARTICLES CLASSIFICATION BASED ON INTER ACTION OF PHASES APPLICATION OF COLLOIDS TRUE SOLUTION AND SUSPENSION

COLLOIDS TRUE SOLUTION:
It is a homogeneous dispersed phase and dispersion medium. e.g. Common salt (NaCl) ,Sugar etc dissolve in water and constitute (one phase) true solution. Solute and solvent can not be separated into their original forms. SUSPENSION: It is a heterogeneous mixture of a dispersed phase and dispersed medium. e.g. sand, powdered glass etc. in water behave as suspension. Solute particles settle down at the bottom due to their large size solute and solvent can be separated easily by some physical mean.

APPLICATION OF COLLOIDS
Colloids play a very important role in nature and in our daily life. Some of the important applications of colloids are following: In Medicines. In Sewage disposal. In Purification of water. In Cleansing action of soap. In Formation of delta. In Smoke precipitation. In Photography. In Artificial rain. In Smoke screen. In Rubber industry Blood is a colloidal solution.

CORROSION INTRODUCTION OF CORROSION TYPES OF CORROSION
PREVENTION OF CORROSION

INTRODUCTION OF CORROSION
The process by which the metals have tendency to go back their combined state is called corrosion. In other words , corrosion is exactly the reverse of extraction of metals. It is called the weeping of metals. Recently corrosion has been defined as the destruction of a substance because of its reaction with its environment. Under this definition , the term corrosion may be applied to gradual transformation of the metals into compound state, to weathering of timbers and concrete, to the leading of glass, to the cracking of plastics, etc.

TYPES OF CORROSION Corrosion can be classified into two broad types according to the environment in which corrosion occurs: (A) Corrosion by gaseous environment: In this type of corrosion , the metal is surrounded by gases present in the surrounding environment. 1. Metal sheltered from rain : (1) Moisture: (2) Suspended impurities in air: a. essentially active particles: b. essentially neutral particles: c. neutral particles: (3) Effect of active gases: (4) Nature of the primary film of corrosion: 2. Metals exposed to outdoor atmosphere :

TYPES OF CORROSION B) Corrosion in liquids and solutions:
(C) Immersed corrosion: It is of three types: 1. Chemical Corrosion 2. Under-water Corrosion: 3. Under ground Corrosion:

PREVENTION OF CORROSION
The methods adopted for protection of metals can be classified into three main parts: (A) Methods based on treatment of metals: This includes the following methods: a. Alloying of the metals: b. Removal of strains: c. Polishing the surface: d. Producing insoluble oxide coating: e. Electroplating: f. Covering with metals by methods other than electron deposition: 1) Hot-dipping: 2) Metal spraying: 3) Cementation: g. Covering with paints: h. Making the metal Cathodic by external c.m.f.:

PREVENTION OF CORROSION
B) Methods based on the treatment of medium.: a. Change of state of medium: b .Corrosion Inhibitors: (C) Methods based on external influences.: a. Painting the metals with light proof paints: b. Detection and removal of spray currents: c. Prevention of bacterial growth:

PRODUCTION OF PULP Three process available for pulp :-
( 1 ) Ground wood. ( 2 ) Chemical ( 3 ) Semi Chemical Types of pulp :- ( 1 ) Sulphate pulp. ( 2 ) Sulphite pulp.

PRODUCTION OF PULP Raw material :-
( These raw material need for 1 ton prod-n of pulp ) Bamboo or wood To Ton Make up lime kg. Make up salt Na2SO kg. Sulphur kg.

PRODUCTION OF PAPER Method for production of paper devided in two steps :- ( 1 ) Production of pulp from wood. ( 2 ) Transfer of pulp into the paper. Types of paper product :- ( 1 ) Wrapping paper. ( 2 ) Tissue paper. ( 3 ) Book paper.

PRODUCTION OF PAPER ( 4 ) Writing paper.
( 5 ) Ground wood printing paper. ( 6 ) Paper board. Raw material :- ( 1 ) Fibrous raw material -- paper pulp, rease pulp ( 2 ) Non - Fibrous raw material -- In organic raw - material , clay, organic raw – material, resin.

WATER TREATMENT Sources of natural water :- ( 1 ) Rainey water.
( 2 ) River water. ( 3 ) Spring or well water. ( 4 ) Sea water.

WATER TREATMENT પાણીના ભૌતિક ગુણધર્મો :-
પાણીના ભૌતિક ગુણધર્મો :- -- પાણી શુધ્ધ હોય છે ત્યારે પારદર્શક, રંગવિહીન, ગંધવિહીન અને સ્વાદવિહીન હોય છે. --સામાન્ય તાપમાને નીચલા સ્તરે પાણીનો રંગ ભૂરાશ પડતો લીલો દેખાય છે. --તાપમાન પ્રમાણે ત્રણ સ્વરૂપ ધરાવે છે : ઘન , પ્રવાહી ,વાયુ. --વાતાવરણના દબાણે (260 mm) પાણી 0o C તાપમાને ઠરે છે અને 100o C તાપમાને ઊકળે છે. --પાણીની સૌથી વધુ ઘનતા 4o C તાપમાને હોય છે.

WATER TREATMENT પાણીના રાસાયણિક ગુણધર્મો :-
પાણીના રાસાયણિક ગુણધર્મો :- ( 1 ) પાણીની સ્થાયી રહેવાની શકિત :- પાણી ખૂબજ સ્થાયી સંયોજન છે અને ખૂબજ ઊંચા તાપમાને પણ સહેલાઈથી વિઘટન પામતું નથી. ખૂબજ ઊંચા તાપમાને ( 2000o C) તાપમાને તેના તત્ત્વોમા વિઘટન પામે છે. ( 2 ) ધાતુ પ્રત્યે પ્રક્રિયા :- પાણીને યોગ્ય તાપમાને ધાતુ સાથે ટ્રીટમેંન્ટ આપવામાં આવે તો તે વિઘટન પામે છે અને સામાન્ય તાપમાને હાઈડ્રોજન વાયુ છૂટો પાડે છ્રે. ( 3 ) મેટાલિક ઓકસાઈડ :- કેટલાક એસિડિક અને બેઝિક ઓકસાઈડ પાણી સાથે અનુક્રમે એસિડ અને આલ્કલી બનાવે છે.

WATER TREATMENT પાણીના ઉપયોગો :-
પાણીના ઉપયોગો :- -- પાણી પ્રાણી અને વનસ્પતિ બંનેની પ્રાથમિક જરૂરિયાત છે. -- પાણી વિનાની દુનિયાની કલ્પના પણ ન થઇ શકે. -- ઘરગથ્થુ વપરાશ માટે વપરાય છે. -- ઔધૌગિક હેતુ માટે વિપુલ પ્રમાણમાં વપરાય છે. -- એક દિવસનો વ્યક્તિદીઠ વપરાશ લગભગ 20 ગૅલન જેટલો છે.

WATER TREATMENT ઉધૌગોમાં પાણીનો વપરાશ :- -- શીતક તરીકે ( cooling )
ઉધૌગોમાં પાણીનો વપરાશ :- -- શીતક તરીકે ( cooling ) -- ઉત્પાદનમાં સંપર્ક તરીકે -- સેનેટરી સર્વિસ માટે -- વિધુત ઉત્પાદનમાં -- ફાયર પ્રોટેકશન માટે -- અન્ય એર કંન્ડિશનિંગ માટે

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TOPIC COVERED UNIT & DIMENSION. FORCE : PARALLELOGRAME OF FORCE.

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Presentation on theme: "TOPIC COVERED UNIT & DIMENSION. FORCE : PARALLELOGRAME OF FORCE."— Presentation transcript:

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