1. October 19, 2017
Journal: What are three surface structures on the femur?

2. Ligaments, Tendons, and Joints

3. Joints Aka articulations When two or more bones come together
Allow the body to move

4. Ligaments
Tough, connective tissue
Connects bone to bone

5. Tendons
Cordlike structures that attach bones to muscles

6. Types of Joints

7. Fibrous Joints Held together by short connective strands
Immobile or slightly moveable
Ex: Sutures in your skull

8. Cartilaginous Joints Held together by cartilage disks
Immovable or slightly movable
Ex: Joints between your ribs and sternum

9. Synovial Joints
Connected by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid and lined with a synovial membrane
Freely moving

10. Types of Synovial Joints
Pivot Joints: Can only rotate
Found in your neck

11. Types of Synovial Joints
Ball and Socket Joints: Can move in all directions including rotation
Found in your shoulders and hips

12. Types of Synovial Joints
Hinge Joints: Can either open or close
Found in your knees and elbows

13. Types of Synovial Joints
Gliding Joints
Flat, slightly curved, plate like bones
Can only side back and forth
Found in your wrists and ankles

14. Types of Synovial Joints
Saddle Joints
One bone shaped like a saddle and another similar to a horse’s back
Rock up and down and side to side
Found in the base of your thumb

15. Types of Synovial Joints
Condyloid Joints and Ellipsoidal Joints
Oddly shaped convex bones fitting into concave bones
Can move in any direction, but cannot rotate
Found in the knuckles of your fingers and wrists

16. Movement Classification

17. Flexion
When a joint is bent, decreasing the angle

18. Extension
Straightening a joint so the angle between the bones increases

19. Plantar Flexion
When the toes are pointed

20. Dorsiflexion
When the foot is bent upward toward the leg

21. Hyperextension
When a joint is forced to straighten beyond its normal limits

22. Abduction
To move away from the bodies midline

23. Adduction
To move toward the midline of the body

24. Inversion
When the sole of one foot is turned inward so it points to the other foot

25. Eversion
The foot is turned outward, pointing away from the opposite foot

26. Supination
The palm of your hand is turned upward

27. Pronation
When the palm of the hand is turned down

28. Circumduction
Circular arm motion

29. Protraction
Drawing a part forward

30. Retraction
Drawing a part backwards

31. Rotation
When a bone spins on its axis

32. X-rays in Motion