1. Introduction, Definitions and Foundations of Bilingualism in Society

2. Definitions Individual bilingualism vs. societal bilingualism
Language skills – highly specific, observable, clearly defined components (handwriting)
Language competence – broad general term, inner, mental representation of language, latent rather than overt-underlying system inferred from language performance

3. Definitions
Language performance – outward evidence for language competence
Language ability/Language proficiency – latent disposition, a determinant of eventual language success or the outcome less specific than skills, ambiguous term
Language achievement – outcome of formal instruction.

4. Four Language Skills
Listening
Speaking
Reading
Writing

5. Skills within Skills Pronunciation Vocabulary Grammar Pragmatics
Etc, etc, etc
Maybe 64 separate components to language proficiency (Hernandez-Chavez)

6. Labels
ESL
LEP
ELL

7. Fifth Language Competence
Language used for thinking may be a fifth area of language competence (Skutnabb-Kangas)
Inner speech
Cognitive competence of language (Cummins)

8. Minimal vs. Maximal Bilingualism
What is the competence necessary to be considered bilingual?
Maximal definition – native like control of two or more languages (Bloomfield)
Incipient bilingualism (Diebold) – minimal competence (tourist language)

9. These are not mutually exclusive, you can have two classifications
Other Definitions
Ambilingualism
Equilingualism
Functional Bilingualism
Receptive/Passive Bilingualism
Productive/Active Bilingualism
Natural/Primary Bilingualism
Academic/Secondary Bilingualism
Incipient Bilingualism
These are not mutually exclusive, you can have two classifications

10. Balanced Bilinguals
Idealized concept –equal competence in two languages in a reasonable competency
Problems
Balance may exist at a low level of competence in two languages – two relatively undeveloped languages
Should monolinguals and bilinguals be compared?

11. Semilingualism The concept of dominance
Semilinguals are distinct from balanced and dominant bilinguals.
Definition – a person with quantitative and qualitative deficiencies in both their languages when compared with monolinguals

12. Semilingualism Characteristics Size of vocabulary
Correctness of language
Unconscious processing of language (automatism)
Language creation (neologization)
Mastery of the functions of language (emotive, cognitive)
Meanings and imagery

13. Semilingualism
May occur when there is a language loss and is still acquiring English, the student may appear to be low-functioning in both languages (Roseberry-McKibbin) L1
At Risk Zone L2

14. Conversation Fluency and Academic Language Competence
Academic related language competence – curriculum based language competence – five to seven years
Conversational competence or surface fluency – simple conversation, acquired fairly quickly
(Kangas and Toukomaa)

15. Use of Bilingualism Functional bilingualism
Moves into language production across an encyclopedia of everyday events.
Concerns when, where, and with whom people use their two languages (Fishman)
See page 12 and 13

16. Foundations of Bilingualism in Society
Language Communities
An analysis of how groups of language speakers behave and change
It is important to examine the contact between language communities

17. Change and movement
With every minority and majority language there is constant change and movement
Language contact
Language communities
Language change
Language shift

18. Sociolinguistics Perspective
Diglossia
Language Shift
Language Maintenance
Language death
Language Spread
Language Revivial

19. Diglossia Two languages in society
Each language serves a different function

20. Distinctions Majority language (high) vs. minority language (low)
Prestigious Language

21. Language situations with the relationship to bilingualism and diglossia
Page 37
Diglossia with and without bilingualism tends to provide a relatively stable, enduring language arrangement. But with global world language, shift is more than norm than stability.